Chromodoris

Chromodoris is a genus of very colourful sea slugs or dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod molluscs, and the type genus of the family Chromodorididae. Within the genus Chromodoris, there are currently 101 classified species. Species within Chromodoris are commonly found in tropical and subtropical waters, living as members of reef communities and preying primarily on sponges. A molecular phylogeny of the family Chromodorididae resulted in this genus being restricted to a smaller number of species than formerly, most of which have longitudinal black lines on the mantle. Many former members of Chromodoris were transferred to Goniobranchus

Anatomy
Chromodoris species exhibit one of the two major body types found within Nudibranchia. There are a few major bodily features that separate chromodorids from other sea slugs.

Mantle
Dorids have a thick mantle that exists over their foot, and in some species, the mantle can have tubercles (nodules along the surface of an organism that are made of keratin) of different concentrations, shapes, and sizes, providing some rigidity and protection for their soft, shell-less bodies. In most dorid species, the mantle holds toxins that defend the organism that are obtained through their diet.

Respiratory system
Chromodorids breathe oxygen principally through their gills, usually positioned in a featherlike structure located around the anus at their posterior, called the branchial plume.

Phylogeny and taxonomy
The classification of the family Chromodorididae has been the subject of many studies on nudibranches in recent years, most focusing on the phylogeny and its impact on the traditional taxonomies of the genera. Chromodoris was long considered to be the most diverse genus of the Chromodorididae; however, a study published in July 2018 on Indo-pacific species of chromodorid nudibranchs has shown that the genus should be categorized more strictly, and has been narrowed down to 22 species. These species characteristically have black stripes along their bodies and linear spawning.

Chemical defenses
Chromodorid nudibranchs commonly exhibit chemical defenses to protect themselves from predators. Most of the species that exhibit this behavior make use of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, diterpenes, and sesquiterpenes from the sponges they feed on. Nudibranchs can collect these compounds and store them as is, transform them, or be selectively sequestered, although there is no information on how common each mechanism is and which individual species exhibit the individual methods. Chromodorid nudibranchs in particular transport and store their toxic compounds in specialized storage glands located in strategic locations throughout the mantle, called mantle dermal formations (MDFs). These MDFs have been shown to harbor extremely high concentrations of distasteful and potent compounds in comparison to the rest of their body.

Reproduction
All nudibranchs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, with each individual possessing both male and female reproductive structures. During mating, two individuals compete for the position of male by darting their penises at one another until the victor penetrates the body wall of the other and impregnating them, forcing them to act as the female, an act commonly called "penis fencing." From here, the female lays eggs into a substrate, which hatch planktonic vestigial veliger larva, who will further evolve into adults.

Species
Species in the genus Chromodoris include:


 * Chromodoris africana Eliot, 1904
 * Chromodoris aila Er. Marcus, 1961
 * Chromodoris albolimbata Bergh, 1907
 * Chromodoris albonotata Bergh, 1875
 * Chromodoris alcalai Gosliner, 2021
 * Chromodoris alternata Burn, 1957
 * Chromodoris ambigua Rudman, 1987
 * Chromodoris annae Bergh, 1877
 * Chromodoris aspersa Gould, 1852
 * Chromodoris balat Bonomo & Gosliner, 2020
 * Chromodoris barnardi (Collingwood, 1868)
 * Chromodoris baqe Bonomo & Gosliner, 2020
 * Chromodoris boucheti Rudman, 1982
 * Chromodoris briqua Marcus & Burch, 1965
 * Chromodoris buchananae Gosliner & Behrens, 2000
 * Chromodoris burni Rudman, 1982
 * Chromodoris camoena Bergh, 1879
 * Chromodoris cardinalis Bergh, 1880
 * Chromodoris colemani Rudman, 1982
 * Chromodoris dianae Gosliner & Behrens, 1998
 * Chromodoris dictya Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1970
 * Chromodoris elisabethina Bergh, 1877
 * Chromodoris euelpis Bergh, 1907
 * Chromodoris hamiltoni Rudman, 1977
 * Chromodoris inconspicua Eliot, 1904
 * Chromodoris inopinata Bergh, 1905
 * Chromodoris joshi <Small>Gosliner & Behrens, 1998
 * Chromodoris kalawakan Bonomo & Gosliner, 2020
 * Chromodoris kuiteri <Small>Rudman, 1982
 * Chromodoris lapinigensis Bergh, 1879
 * Chromodoris lata Risbec, 1928
 * Chromodoris lentiginosa Pease, 1871
 * Chromodoris lineolata <Small>Hasselt, 1824
 * Chromodoris lochi <Small>Rudman, 1982
 * Chromodoris magnifica <Small>Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 : Type species.
 * Chromodoris mandapamensis <Small>Valdes, Mollo, & Ortea, 1999
 * Chromodoris mariana Bergh, 1890
 * Chromodoris marpessa Bergh, 1905
 * Chromodoris michaeli <Small>Gosliner & Behrens, 1998
 * Chromodoris nodulosa Bergh, 1905
 * Chromodoris nona (Baba, 1953)
 * Chromodoris ophthalmica Bergh, 1905
 * Chromodoris orientalis <Small>Rudman, 1983
 * Chromodoris pantharella Bergh, 1879
 * Chromodoris papulosa Bergh, 1905
 * Chromodoris paupera Bergh, 1877
 * Chromodoris perola <Small>Ev. Marcus, 1976</Small>
 * Chromodoris porcata Bergh, 1889
 * Chromodoris pustulans Bergh, 1877
 * Chromodoris quadricolor <Small>Rueppell & Leuckart, 1828
 * Chromodoris quagga Bonomo & Gosliner, 2020
 * Chromodoris roseopicta Verrill, 1900
 * Chromodoris rudolphi Bergh, 1880
 * Chromodoris splendens Eliot, 1904
 * Chromodoris striatella <Small>Bergh, 1877
 * Chromodoris strigata <Small>Rudman, 1982
 * Chromodoris tenuilinearis Farran, 1905
 * Chromodoris tenuis Collingwood, 1881
 * Chromodoris thompsoni <Small>Rudman, 1983
 * Chromodoris trouilloti Risbec, 1928
 * Chromodoris venusta Bergh, 1905
 * Chromodoris virginea Bergh, 1877
 * Chromodoris westraliensis <Small>O'Donoghue, 1924
 * Chromodoris willani <Small>Rudman, 1982


 * Synonyms:
 * Chromodoris albonares <Small>Rudman, 1990 : synonym of Goniobranchus albonares (Rudman, 1990)
 * Chromodoris albopunctata <Small>Garrett, 1879 : synonym of Goniobranchus albopunctatus Garrett, 1879
 * Chromodoris albopustulosa <Small>Pease, 1860 : synonym of Goniobranchus albopustulosus (Pease, 1860)
 * Chromodoris alius <Small>Rudman, 1987 : synonym of Goniobranchus alius (Rudman, 1987)
 * Chromodoris agassizii: synonym of Felimare agassizii (Bergh, 1894)
 * Chromodoris annulata <Small>Eliot, 1904 : synonym of Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904)
 * Chromodoris antonii: synonym of Mexichromis antonii (Bertsch, 1976)
 * Chromodoris aureomarginata <Small>Cheeseman, 1881 : synonym of Goniobranchus aureomarginatus (Cheeseman, 1881)
 * Chromodoris aureopurpurea <Small>Collingwood, 1881 : synonym of Goniobranchus aureopurpureus (Collingwood, 1881)
 * Chromodoris aurigera <Small>Rudman, 1990 : synonym of Goniobranchus aurigerus (Rudman, 1990)
 * Chromodoris australis: synonym of Thorunna australis (Risbec, 1928)
 * Chromodoris banksi: synonym of Glossodoris dalli (Bergh, 1879)
 * Chromodoris baumanni <Small>Bertsch, 1970 : synonym of Glossodoris baumanni (Bertsch, 1970)
 * Chromodoris bennetti: synonym of Hypselodoris bennetti (Angas, 1864)
 * Chromodoris bimaensis Bergh, 1905 : synonym Goniobranchus bimaensis Bergh, 1905
 * Chromodoris binza <Small>Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963 : synonym of Felimida binza (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1963)
 * Chromodoris bistellata: synonym of Aphelodoris antillensis
 * Chromodoris britoi Ortea & Pérez, 1983 : synonym of Felimida britoi (Ortea & Perez, 1983)
 * Chromodoris bullocki: synonym of Hypselodoris bullocki
 * Chromodoris californiensis: synonym of Hypselodoris californiensis
 * Chromodoris cantrainii Bergh, 1879 : synonym of Felimare picta (Schultz in Philippi, 1836)
 * Chromodoris carnea: synonym of Hypselodoris carnea
 * Chromodoris cazae <Small>Gosliner & Behrens, 2004</Small>: synonym of Goniobranchus cazae (Gosliner & Behrens, 2004)
 * Chromodoris charlottae <Small>Schrödl, 1999 : synonym of Goniobranchus charlottae (Schrödl, 1999)
 * Chromodoris clenchi <Small>Russell, 1935 - the harlequin blue doris: synonym of Felimida clenchi (Russell, 1935)
 * Chromodoris clitonota <Small>Bergh, 1905 : synonym of Durvilledoris lemniscata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)
 * Chromodoris coi <Small>Risbec, 1956 : synonym of Goniobranchus coi (Risbec, 1956)
 * Chromodoris collingwoodi <Small>Rudman, 1987 : synonym of Goniobranchus collingwoodi (Rudman, 1987)
 * Chromodoris conchyliata <Small>Yonow, 1984 : synonym of Goniobranchus conchyliatus (Yonow, 1984)
 * Chromodoris dalli: synonym of Glossodoris dalli (Bergh, 1879)
 * Chromodoris daphne <Small>Angas, 1864 : synonym of Goniobranchus daphne (Angas, 1864)
 * Chromodoris decora <Small>Pease, 1860 : synonym of Goniobranchus decorus (Pease, 1860)
 * Chromodoris dollfusi: synonym of Hypselodoris dollfusi
 * Chromodoris elegans (Cantraine, 1835) : synonym of Felimare picta (Schultz in Philippi, 1836)
 * Chromodoris elegantula <Small>Philippi, 1844 : synonym of Felimida elegantula (Philippi, 1844)
 * Chromodoris epicuria <Small>Basedow & Hedley, 1905 : synonym of Goniobranchus epicurius (Basedow & Hedley, 1905)
 * Chromodoris fentoni Valdés, Gatdula, Sheridan & Herrera, 2011 : synonym of Felimida fentoni
 * Chromodoris festiva: synonym of Mexichromis festiva (Angas, 1864)
 * Chromodoris fidelis Kelaart, 1858 : synonym of Goniobranchus fidelis (Kelaart, 1858)
 * Chromodoris flava: synonym of Diversidoris flava (Eliot, 1904)
 * Chromodoris francoisae: synonym of Mexichromis francoisae (Bouchet, 1980)
 * Chromodoris galactos <Small>Rudman & Johnson in Rudman, 1985 : synonym of Goniobranchus galactos (Rudman & S. Johnson, 1985)
 * Chromodoris galexorum <Small>Bertsch, 1978</Small>: synonym of Felimida galexorum (Bertsch, 1978)
 * Chromodoris geminus <Small>Rudman, 1987 : synonym of Goniobranchus geminus (Rudman, 1987)
 * Chromodoris geometrica <Small>Risbec, 1928 : synonym of Goniobranchus geometricus (Risbec, 1928)
 * Chromodoris ghanensis: synonym of Glossodoris ghanensis
 * Chromodoris ghardagana [sic]: synonym of Hypselodoris ghardaqana (Gohar & Aboul-Ela, 1957)
 * Chromodoris gleniei <Small>Kelaart, 1858 : synonym of Goniobranchus gleniei (Kelaart, 1858)
 * Chromodoris godeffroyana: synonym of Risbecia godeffroyana
 * Chromodoris goslineri <Small>Ortea & Valdés in Ortea, Valdés & Garcia Gómez, 1996</Small>: synonym of Felimida goslineri (Ortea & Valdés, 1996)
 * Chromodoris grahami <Small>Thompson, 1980 : synonym of Felimida grahami
 * Chromodoris haliclona: synonym of Noumea haliclona
 * Chromodoris heatherae <Small>Gosliner, 1994 - Red-spotted nudibranch: synonym of Goniobranchus heatherae (Gosliner, 1994)
 * Chromodoris hintuanensis <Small>Gosliner & Behrens, 1998 : synonym of Goniobranchus hintuanensis (Gosliner & Behrens, 1998)
 * Chromodoris hunterae <Small>Rudman, 1983 : synonym of Goniobranchus hunterae (Rudman, 1983)
 * Chromodoris imperialis: synonym of Risbecia imperialis (Pease, 1860)
 * Chromodoris kempfi: synonym of Mexichromis kempfi
 * Chromodoris kitae <Small>Gosliner, 1994 : synonym of Goniobranchus kitae (Gosliner, 1994)
 * Chromodoris kpone Edmunds, 1981 : synonym of Felimida kpone (Edmunds, 1981)
 * Chromodoris krohni <Small>Vérany, 1846 : synonym of Felimida krohni (Vérany, 1846)
 * Chromodoris kuniei <Small>Pruvot-Fol, 1930 : synonym of Goniobranchus kuniei (Pruvot-Fol, 1930)
 * Chromodoris lekker <Small>Gosliner, 1994 : synonym of Goniobranchus lekker (Gosliner, 1994)
 * Chromodoris lemniscata: synonym of Durvilledoris lemniscata
 * Chromodoris leopardus: synonym of Goniobranchus leopardus Rudman, 1987
 * Chromodoris lilacina (Gould, 1852) : synonym of Tayuva lilacina (Gould, 1852)
 * Chromodoris lineata nigrolineata: synonym of Hypselodoris nigrolineata
 * Chromodoris loringi <Small>Angas, 1864 : synonym of Goniobranchus loringi (Angas, 1864)
 * Chromodoris luteopunctata <Small>Gantes, 1962 : synonym of Felimida luteopunctata (Gantès, 1962)
 * Chromodoris luteorosea <Small>Rapp, 1827 : synonym of Felimida luteorosea (Rapp, 1827)
 * Chromodoris macfarlandi <Small>Cockerell, 1901 - Three-stripe doris: synonym of Felimida macfarlandi (Cockerell, 1901)
 * Chromodoris maculosa: synonym of Hypselodoris maculosa
 * Chromodoris marenzelleri Bergh, 1888 : synonym of Hypselodoris festiva (A. Adams, 1861)
 * Chromodoris mariei: synonym of Mexichromis mariei
 * Chromodoris marislae <Small>Bertsch in Bertsch, Ferreira, Farmer, & Hayes, 1973 : synonym of Felimida marislae (Bertsch, 1973)
 * Chromodoris maritimais a: synonym of Hypselodoris maritima
 * Chromodoris multimaculosa <Small>Rudman, 1987 : synonym of Goniobranchus multimaculosus (Rudman, 1987)
 * Chromodoris naiki <Small>Valdes, Mollo, & Ortea, 1999 : synonym of Goniobranchus naiki (Valdés, Mollo & Ortea, 1999)
 * Chromodoris neona <Small>Marcus, 1955 : synonym of Felimida neona (Er. Marcus, 1955)
 * Chromodoris nigrostriata a: synonym of Hypselodoris nigrostriata
 * Chromodoris norrisi <Small>Farmer, 1963 : synonym of Felimida norrisi (Farmer, 1963)
 * Chromodoris nyalya: synonym of Hypselodoris nyalya (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967)
 * Chromodoris obsoleta <Small>Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831 : synonym of Goniobranchus obsoletus (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831)
 * Chromodoris orsinii: synonym of Felimare orsinii
 * Chromodoris paulomarcioi <Small>Dominguez, Garcia & Troncoso, 2006</Small>: synonym of Felimida paulomarcioi <Small>Dominguez, Garcia & Troncoso, 2006</Small>
 * Chromodoris peasei: synonym of Hypselodoris peasei
 * Chromodoris perplexa: synonym of Digidentis perplexa
 * Chromodoris petechialis <Small>Gould, 1852 : synonym of Goniobranchus petechialis (Gould, 1852)
 * Chromodoris placida: synonym of Hypselodoris placida
 * Chromodoris porterae: synonym of Mexichromis porterae
 * Chromodoris ponga <Small>Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1970</Small>: synonym of Felimida ponga (Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1970)
 * Chromodoris preciosa <Small>Kelaart, 1858 : synonym of Goniobranchus preciosus (Kelaart, 1858)
 * Chromodoris purpurea <Small>Risso in Guerin, 1831 : synonym of Felimida purpurea (Risso in Guérin, 1831)
 * Chromodoris pusilla: synonym of Durvilledoris pusilla
 * Chromodoris regalis Ortea, Caballer & Moro, 2001 : synonym of Felimida regalis (Ortea, Caballer & Moro, 2001)
 * Chromodoris reticulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) : synonym of Goniobranchus reticulatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)
 * Chromodoris roboi <Small>Gosliner & Behrens, 1998 : synonym of Goniobranchus roboi (Gosliner & Behrens, 1998)
 * Chromodoris rodomaculata <Small>Ortea & Valdés, 1991 : synonym of Felimida rodomaculata (Ortea & Valdés, 1992)
 * Chromodoris rolani <Small>Ortea, 1988</Small>: synonym of Felimida rolani (Ortea, 1988)
 * Chromodoris rosans Bergh, 1889 : synonym of Hypselodoris rosans (Bergh, 1889)
 * Chromodoris rubrocornuta <Small>Rudman, 1985 : synonym of Goniobranchus rubrocornutus (Rudman, 1985)
 * Chromodoris rufomaculata <Small>Pease, 1871 : synonym of Goniobranchus rufomaculatus (Pease, 1871)
 * Chromodoris rufomarginata (Bergh, 1890) : synonym of Glossodoris rufomarginata (Bergh, 1890)
 * Chromodoris runcinata Bergh, 1877 : synonym of Hypselodoris infucata (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831)
 * Chromodoris ruzafai <Small>Ortea, Bacallado, & Valdes, 1992 : synonym of Felimida ruzafai (Ortea, Bacallado & Valdés, 1992)
 * Chromodoris saintvincentius: synonym of Hypselodoris saintvincentius
 * Chromodoris sedna: synonym of Glossodoris sedna
 * Chromodoris semperi nigrostriata: synonym of Hypselodoris nigrostriata
 * Chromodoris sibogae: synonym of Glossodoris sibogae
 * Chromodoris sinensis <Small>Rudman, 1985 : synonym of Goniobranchus sinensis (Rudman, 1985)
 * Chromodoris socorroensis <Small>Behrens, Gosliner & Hermosillo, 2009</Small>: synonym of Felimida socorroensis (Behrens, Gosliner & Hermosillo, 2009)
 * Chromodoris sonora: synonym of Glossodoris dalli
 * Chromodoris sphoni <Small>Marcus, 1971 : synonym of Felimida sphoni Ev. Marcus, 1971
 * Chromodoris splendida: synonym of Goniobranchus splendidus <Small>Angas, 1864
 * Chromodoris tasmaniensis <Small>Bergh, 1905 : synonym of Goniobranchus tasmaniensis (Bergh, 1905)
 * Chromodoris tennentana <Small>Kelaart, 1859 -: synonyms: Chromodoris cavae Eliot, 1904; Chromodoris vicina: synonym of Goniobranchus tennentanus (Kelaart, 1859)
 * Chromodoris tinctoria <Small>Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831 -: synonyms: Chromodoris alderi, Chromodoris reticulata: synonym of Goniobranchus tinctorius (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828)
 * Chromodoris tricolor: synonym of Hypselodoris tricolor
 * Chromodoris trimarginata <Small>Winckworth, 1946 : synonym of Goniobranchus trimarginatus (Winckworth, 1946)
 * Chromodoris tritos <Small>Yonow, 1994 : synonym of Goniobranchus tritos (Yonow, 1994)
 * Chromodoris tryoni: synonym of Risbecia tryoni
 * Chromodoris tumulifera <Small>Collingwood, 1881 : synonym of Goniobranchus tumuliferus (Collingwood, 1881)
 * Chromodoris tura: synonym of Mexichromis tura
 * Chromodoris varians: synonym of Noumea varians
 * Chromodoris verrieri <Small>Crosse, 1875 : synonym of Goniobranchus verrieri (Crosse, 1875)
 * Chromodoris vibrata <Small>Pease, 1860 : synonym of Goniobranchus vibratus (Pease, 1860)
 * Chromodoris villafranca: synonym of Felimare villafranca
 * Chromodoris westralensis [sic]: synonym of Chromodoris westraliensis (O'Donoghue, 1924)
 * Chromodoris woodwardi <Small>Rudman, 1983 : synonym of Goniobranchus woodwardae (Rudman, 1983)
 * Chromodoris youngbleuthi: synonym of Glossodoris rufomarginata
 * Chromodoris zebra: synonym of Felimare zebra
 * Chromodoris zebrina: synonym of Hypselodoris zebrina