Cincinnati-class cruiser

The Cincinnati-class cruisers were two small protected cruisers built for the United States Navy in the early 1890s. They were smaller and more lightly armed and protected than most previous US cruisers, and were intended for commerce raiding. They may also be referred to as Raleigh-class cruisers, as Raleigh was launched and commissioned prior to Cincinnati.

The Cincinnati-class cruisers were authorized by an Act of Congress approved on 7 September 1888, in the same bill with USS New York (ACR-2), USS Olympia (C-6) and the Montgomery-class cruiser.

Design and construction
As the U.S. Navy began to rebuild its fleet with steel-hulled vessels to keep pace with the advance of naval technology in the 1880s, it explored a wide range of design concepts. Among the approaches to the protected cruiser design was that of a small and fast commerce raider. Thus, in the 1888 naval appropriations bill, Congress set aside money to build five such vessels, two Cincinnati class of 3,000 tons and three Montgomery class of 2,000 tons.

In May 1889, the Department of the Navy invited proposals for the construction of two cruisers of about 3,000 tons displacement each, at a cost of not more than $1,100,000 each. William Cramp & Sons was the only shipbuilder to respond, but with a bid in excess of the limit; the Department of the Navy exercised an option in the appropriation bill to construct the cruisers in its own yards; Cincinnati was built at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, while Raleigh was built at the Norfolk Navy Yard.

Armament
The as-built main armament of the ships was one 6 in/40 caliber gun on the forward deck and ten 5 in/40 caliber guns (two side-by-side on the aft deck, the remainder in sponsons along the sides). Secondary armament was eight 6-pounder (57 mm) rapid fire guns, two 1-pounder (37 mm) rapid fire guns, along with one Gatling gun and four 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes. Along with Olympia and the Montgomery class, these were among the first US Navy ships to carry 5-inch guns.

Armor
The protective deck was 2 in to 2.5 in on the sloped sides and 1 in in the flat middle. 4 in of armor was provided for the gun sponsons on the sides, and the conning tower was 2 in thick.

Engineering
The as-built engineering plant included six coal-fired cylindrical boilers, which produced steam for two vertical triple expansion engines totaling 10,000 ihp (designed) for a designed speed of 19 kn. Cincinnati reached 19.91 kn at 7,070 ihp on trials; Raleigh reached 21.12 kn but the horsepower is unknown. Some references state the class carried fore-and-aft sails as built, other references state they were never carried. The ships normally carried 556 tons of coal for a designed range of 8652 nmi at 10 kn; this could be increased to 700 tons. The as-built propulsion plant proved to have a high coal consumption and could not maintain 19 kn for long; the boilers and engines were replaced in refits circa 1901.

Refits
Cincinnati was refitted in 1899-1901; Raleigh followed in 1899-1903. The lone 6-inch gun was replaced by an additional 5-inch/40 caliber gun and the torpedo tubes were removed. Eight Babcock & Wilcox boilers were installed, along with lower powered but more fuel-efficient triple-expansion engines totaling 8,500 ihp for a speed of 18 kn. Two 5-inch guns, for a total of nine remaining, were removed by 1918.

Service
Both ships were engaged in the Spanish–American War, Cincinnati off Cuba and Raleigh in the Philippines. Raleigh is credited with firing the first shot of the Battle of Manila Bay from a 5-inch/40 caliber gun in 1898. Raleigh also engaged in the early part of the Philippine–American War, while Cincinnati protected American citizens and interests during political unrest in the Caribbean. Both served in East Asia 1903–1907, after which both were decommissioned until 1911. Cincinnati then spent six years in East Asia, followed by patrol duty in the Gulf of Mexico during World War I. Raleigh operated in Mexico and Central America 1913–1916, followed by a yard period. After the US entered World War I in 1917, Raleigh operated from Brazil, and in mid-1918 joined Cincinnati in the Gulf of Mexico. In mid-1919 both ships were decommissioned, and both were scrapped in 1921.

Ships in class
The two ships of the Cincinnati class were:

Note: It appears that the hull numbers PG-25 and PG-26 (patrol gunboat) were reserved for these ships as part of a fleet-wide redesignation in 1920, but the ships were ordered sold before the redesignation took effect on 17 July 1920.