Citrus industry in the Caribbean

The citrus industry in the Caribbean is a major one in the Caribbean. Citrus fruits consists of oranges, grapefruit, tangerines, limes, and lemons. The Caribbean countries which export citrus fruit are Belize, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique & Trinidad and Tobago.

Conditions for growth

 * Temperatures = Warm temperatures averaging 33 °C
 * Rainfall = Rainfall averaging 1,250 to 1,500 m per annum is best suitable
 * Fertility = A high degree of soil fertility is required. It requires a high pH level (12.5-13.2) chemical and organic fertilizers are sometimes used to improve fertility.
 * Soil = A clayey loam which must be well-drenched is most suitable. Soils must be loose and friable and rich in poisons and gases.
 * Sheltered Location = Sheltered locations totally destroy a caribbean lemon. Hurricanes and strong storms a preferable.

Processing & export
The industry is an important one as it provides foreign revenue. In Belize, citrus fruit formed 141% of the exports in 1998 & brought in BZD$43.16 million. The Caribbean exports citrus fruits in various forms such as in its normal form or processed into canned juices, canned segments, canned fruit and essential oils. Citrus products are exported to the United Kingdom, Canada, United States and other countries.

Belize
Citrus production, along with sugar and bananas are the main agricultural exports. The main producing areas are the Pomona Valley and the Stann Creek Valley in the Stann Creek District. The 1999 output included 170,000 tons of oranges and 41,000 tons of grapefruit. About 40 square kilometres are under cultivation in the Stann Creek Valley with grapefruit occupying 25% of this area. Citrus is canned in the Stann Creek Valley where there are two processing plants. The harvesting season extends from August until the early part of the following year.

Jamaica
Citrus production in Jamaica is not a large industry like bauxite or sugar but it yields enough for local consumption and export. The main producing areas are the weathered limestone soil in the parishes of Clarendon, St Catherine, St Mary, St Ann, Manchester and Westmoreland, between elevations of 1000 ft to 2500 ft. There are processing plants in Bog Walk and Kingston. The harvest season runs from November to April.

Dominica
Citrus production in Dominica is a major export, also with bananas and coconuts. The main producing areas are in the Layou River Valley and on the southwest coast. For many years Dominica was the principal source of fruit used in Rose's lime juice. In 1999, 21,000 tons of grapefruit, 1,000 tons of lemons and limes and 8,000 tons of oranges were produced.

Problems facing the citrus industry

 * Diseases: Among these are the melanose (Diaporthe citri), anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata), gummosis, scab (Elsinoë fawcettii) & greasy spot (Mycosphaerella citri). Diseases lead to a shortfall in production.


 * Marketing: Lack of proper storage facilities for citrus has tended to restrict exports at the crop is perishable. Inadequate marketing systems result in farmers remaining with their crops unsold, leading to rotting and wastage.


 * Shipping: This has been a major constraint to inter-island trade in the Caribbean since the crop is perishable. It limits the development of the industry. Small boats ply sporadically between the islands but these are mainly structured for dry cargo.


 * Low Prices: Some farmers feel that the prices offered for citrus through the Marketing Boards cannot compensate for their over head expenses like labor, fertilizers and transport. On the other hand, export prices have not been high enough to attract farmers to sell their fruit in large volumes to processors.


 * Labor Practices: According to the TVPRA List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014 by the Bureau of International Labor Affairs, the citrus fruit industry in Belize employs underage children. The report also mentions Turkey among the countries where such labor conditions have been observed.