Collema

Collema (jelly lichen) is a genus of lichens in the family Collemataceae. The photobiont is the cyanobacterium genus Nostoc. Species in this genus typically grow on nutrient-rich bark or somewhat siliceous or calcareous rocks in humid environments.

Description
Collema lichens are characterized by their medium to large size, with a diameter of 3 to 20 cm. They have a leaf-like, membranous structure that does not swell noticeably when wet. The upper surface of the thallus is dark olive-green to brown-black and is not hairy. The are 2 to 15 mm broad, rounded, and usually flat or partially raised, with smooth or  surfaces adorned with elongated ridges or folds.

Both upper and lower are absent in Collema, and the photobiont Nostoc forms chains of cells throughout the thallus without creating a separate. Isidia can be present or absent, while soredia are not found in this genus. The reproductive structures, known as apothecia, have a pale brown to red-brown that can be flat or convex. The is whole and sometimes displays isidia.

The consists of cells that can be either uniformly sized or elongated. The is indistinct and can be colourless or pigmented, while the hymenium is colorless and turns blue when treated with iodine. A more or less colourless is also present. The comprises paraphyses that separate in a solution of potassium hydroxide and may be unbranched or branched, often connecting near their tips, which can be club-shaped or round and exhibit a yellowish to reddish-brown hue.

The asci are club-shaped (clavate) with a strongly thickened apex, and both the and the downwardly projecting annulus and apical cap react blue to iodine. Each ascus produces eight spores that are narrowly ellipsoidal to spindle-shaped or nearly cylindrical with transverse septa. , or, are immersed within the thallus and can be located on the margins or lamina with a pale ostiole. The are rod-shaped with a slightly enlarged apex. No lichen products have been detected in Collema using thin-layer chromatography.

Species
, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 24 species of Collema.
 * Collema actinoptychum Nyl. (1868)
 * Collema coniophilum Goward (2009) – Canada
 * Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach. (1810)
 * Collema furfuraceum (Schaer.) Du Rietz (1929)
 * Collema glaucophthalmum Nyl. (1858)
 * Collema glebulentum (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Degel. (1952)
 * Collema implicatum Nyl. (1863)
 * Collema insulare Degel. (1974)
 * Collema japonicum (Müll.Arg.) Hue (1898)
 * Collema laeve Hook.f. & Taylor (1844)
 * Collema leptaleum Tuck. (1866)
 * Collema leucocarpum Hook.f. & Taylor (1844)
 * Collema marginale (Huds.) Hoffm. (1794)
 * Collema nigrescens (Huds.) DC. (1805)
 * Collema pulcellum Ach. (1814)
 * Collema pustulatum Ach. (1814)
 * Collema rugosum Kremp. (1870)
 * Collema ryssoleum (Tuck.) A.Schneid. (1872)
 * Collema sichuanense H.J.Liu & J.C.Wei (2003)) – China
 * Collema subconveniens Nyl. (1888)
 * Collema subflaccidum Degel. (1974)
 * Collema subnigrescens Degel. (1954)
 * Collema substipitatum Zahlbr. (1930)