Compound TCP

Compound TCP (CTCP) is a Microsoft algorithm that was introduced as part of the Windows Vista and Window Server 2008 TCP stack. It is designed to aggressively adjust the sender's congestion window to optimise TCP for connections with large bandwidth-delay products while trying not to harm fairness (as can occur with HSTCP). It is also available for Linux, as well as for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 via a hotfix.

Principles of operation
Like FAST TCP and TCP Vegas, Compound TCP uses estimates of queuing delay as a measure of congestion; if the queuing delay is small, it assumes that no links on its path are congested, and rapidly increases its rate. Unlike them, it does not seek to maintain a constant number of packets queued.

Compound TCP maintains two congestion windows: a regular AIMD window and a delay-based window. The size of the actual sliding window used is the sum of these two windows. The AIMD window is increased the same way that TCP Reno increases it. If the delay is small, the delay-based window increases rapidly to improve the utilisation of the network. Once queuing is experienced, the delay window gradually decreases to compensate for the increase in the AIMD window. The aim is to keep their sum approximately constant, at what the algorithm estimates is the path's bandwidth-delay product. In particular, when queuing is detected, the delay-based window is reduced by the estimated queue size to avoid the problem of "persistent congestion" reported for FAST and Vegas. Thus, unlike TCP-Illinois and its precursor TCP Africa, Compound TCP can reduce its window in response to delay. This increases its fairness to Reno.

Descriptions of Compound TCP can be found in a conference paper, an Internet-Draft, and a US patent.

Windows 2003 and XP x64
A hotfix is available that adds CTCP support to 64 bit Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.

The following registry key can be set to 1 to enable, or 0 to disable: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\TCPCongestionControl

Windows Vista/2008/7
CTCP is enabled by default in computers running beta versions of Windows Server 2008 and disabled by default in computers running Windows Vista and 7.

CTCP can be enabled with the command: netsh interface tcp set global congestionprovider=ctcp or disabled with the command: netsh interface tcp set global congestionprovider=none

To display the current setting for CTCP use: netsh interface tcp show global Parameter "Add-On Congestion Control Provider" will either have a value of "none" if CTCP is disabled or "ctcp" if it is enabled.

Windows 8 and up
Since Windows 8, Windows uses PowerShell command Set-NetTCPSetting to modify the congestion control algorithm. Around 2018, Microsoft moved from CTCP to using CUBIC in Windows 10 and the Xbox, because it was seen as very delay sensitive and also worked poorly in data centre, where delay variation was an issue.

Linux
CTCP was ported to Linux. A patch derived from this was developed at Caltech, which included CTCP's TUning By Emulation (TUBE, and only released to researchers due to software patents. Since kernel version 2.6.17 the module has been incompatible and fails to compile due to kernel API changes.