Conhydrine

Conhydrine is a poisonous alkaloid found in poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) in small quantities.

Isolation and properties
This oxygenated alkaloid was isolated by Wertheim from C. maculatum. It crystallises in colourless leaflets, has a coniine-like odour, can be sublimed, and is strongly basic. It crystallises readily from ether. The salts are crystalline; the aurichloride small rhombs or prisms, mp. 133 °C; the benzoyl derivative mp. 132 °C.

Constitution
On oxidation with chromic acid, conhydrine yields L -piperidyl-2-carboxylic acid. It is converted into L -coniine either by reduction of the iodo-derivative (iodoconiine), C8H16IN, formed by the action of hydriodic acid and phosphorus at 180 °C  or by hydrogenation of the mixture of coniceines produced, when it is dehydrated by phosphorus pentoxide in toluene.



These and other observations indicate that the oxygen atom must occur as a hydroxyl group, in the n-propyl side chain in either the α- or β-position, since the γ-position would involve the production of piperidyl-2-propionic acid on oxidation. 2-β-Hydroxypropyl-piperidine suggested by Willstätter seemed to be excluded, since neither of the two forms of this product prepared by Löffler and Tschunke resembled conhydrine, and these authors suggested the α-position as probably representing the alkaloid. Support for this view was provided by Hess and coworkers , who showed that DL- -N-methylconhydrone is N-methyl-2-piperidyl ethyl ketone, that DL- conhydrine (mp. 69–70 °C), produced by a somewhat indirect method, is identical with the product, mp. 69.5–71.5 °C, prepared by Engler and Bauer by the reduction with sodium in ethyl alcohol of 2-pyridyl ethyl ketone, and that conhydrine on dehydrogenation over platinum or palladium asbestos gives rise to a mixture of tetrahydropyridyl 2-ethyl ketone and 2-α-hydroxypropyl-pyridine. Späth and Adler have shown that conhydrine can be degraded in two stages by exhaustive methylation to trimethylamine, and a mixture of two products, an oil, C8H14O, bp. 157–159 °C@744 mmHg, and a crystalline substance, C8H16O2, mp. 75–76 °C. The oil, when heated with water at 170 °C is converted, by addition of a molecule of water, into the crystalline substance. The latter contains two active hydrogen atoms (Zerewitinoff estimation), and on exposure to hydrogen over Pd/C absorbs enough to saturate one double bond producing a new substance, mp. 94–96 °C. On oxidation with permanganate in dilute sulfuric acid, propionaldehyde and succinic acid are produced, whilst the saturated substance, mp. 94–96 °C, is oxidised to n-valeric acid. These results indicate that the substance of mp. 75–76 °C is εζ-dihydroxy-Δα-n-octene, that the oil, C8H14O, is the corresponding oxide, and that the representation of conhydrine as 2-α-hydroxypropyl-pyridine accounts for their production.