Corlay horse

The Corlay horse breed is a type of half-blood horse resulting from crossbreeding around the town of Corlay in Brittany, between local Breton bidet mares and imported stallions, mainly Thoroughbreds. Intended for racing, this variety of Breton horse is reputed to have impressed Napoleon III with its steeplechase abilities. Subsequently, local breeders specialized in this racehorse, optimizing feed by adding maerl to the ration. Corlay horse breeding earned an excellent reputation from the middle to the end of the 19th century. The most influential stallion in the breed was Corlay, who bred from 1876 to 1897 in the locality of the same name. The breed was considered fixed at the end of the century.

The Corlay horse's numbers declined steadily over the following century, mainly due to competition from the draft horse. It practically disappeared at the end of the 20th century. Having never had a genealogical register under its own name, it is now listed in France as an AQPS (Other than Thoroughbred) horse, a racehorse of all origins with a high proportion of thoroughbred ancestry. The Corlay breed is considered extinct by the FAO.

Denomination
The Corlay horse is also known as the "half-blood of Corlay " and the "light mountain horse"; breeder F.-M. Bléas, author of a monograph for the Finistère deputy, calls it the "Breton mountain blood horse". It is nicknamed the "good Breton vintage of saddle horses".

History
Breeding "blood" horses in Brittany is both rare and specific to the Corlay region; in fact, according to veterinarian Dr. Robert Hamon, most Breton breeding at the beginning of the 20th century involved draft horses.

Origin
Before the Restoration, there was no specific selection of horses in the Corlay region. The breed can be traced back no further than the early 19th century. However, the archives of the seigneury of Corlay attest to the breeding and trade of horses under the Ancien Régime, as part of the corvée. The animals were most often sold at the Noyal-Pontivy fair.

The ancestors of the Corlay horse resemble the bidets of mountainous countries, small (1.20 m to 1.40 m at most), thin and dry. Several authors, including the Société des courses de Corlay, veterinarian Dr. Robert Hamon, and the president of the Association des amis du cheval du Pays de Corlay, attribute an oriental ancestry to the Corlay horse. However, Jean Le Tallec's historical study of farmers in Central Brittany reveals no evidence of imported horses before the 19th century, apart from nine Arab stallions taken by the de Rohan family during the Crusades.

Sober, dexterous and long-lived, bidets live in a semi-wild state on the Breton moors and require little care. The variety of this little horse common to central and southern Brittany is known as the "Briec bidet", or "cheval de la lande".

Training
"'The horse is a passion that the young Corlaysien sucks with his milk'."

From 1806 to 1808, following the reorganization of the Haras Nationaux, Arabian stallions and a few thoroughbreds were introduced to the region. The stallion depot in Langonnet, Morbihan, included half saddlebred stallions and made its thoroughbred horses available to local breeders. The first influential sires are the Arabian stallion Médany, and the thoroughbred stallions Young Emilius, Stangfort and Young Rattler. The Corlay horse has been influenced by other breeds, such as the Anglo-Norman, the Vendéen, mixed Norfolk Trotter and Thoroughbred, the Russian Orlov Trotter and even the Percheron.

A popular Corlaysian expression underlines the locals' attachment to horses. According to Bléas, "No population, perhaps, had a greater innate love for the blood horse than that of this country. Any opportunity was always a good one for making horses fight. Until a few years ago, no wedding took place in a well-to-do family in the Corlays region without a sheep being offered as the prize for the traditional race; no "pardon" was complete without "running the sheep". And many a peasant woman was not afraid to gallop her farm's brave pony on these festivities. Competition from racehorses from Paris and Anjou prompted local breeders to crossbreed their horses to produce saddle horses. The size of these crossbred horses increased, from 1.45 m to 1.58 m. The Corlay horse is the result of crossbreeding between these native Breton horses, the Thoroughbred, and the Arabian. According to Guy de Sallier Dupin, it was the distribution of premiums by the Conseil Général and the Haras Nationaux, rewarding the best breeders, that enabled the emergence of pioneering breeders of half-blood horses in Corlay, through crossbreeding with Thoroughbreds and Arabs.

Rise in reputation
Within a few decades, local breeding gained an excellent reputation. Count Achille de Montendre praised breeding in the Corlay region in a book published in 1840, calling the "Corlay breed" a horse of the future, which "sells, and above all, will sell". His text was reprinted in an issue of Recueil de médecine vétérinaire the following year, and later by Éphrem Houël in his Traité complet de l'élève du cheval en Bretagne. The Corlay racing club was created in 1842, when the distribution of stallions was reorganized, favoring the Corlay region.

In 1844, the report by the French agricultural inspectors for the Côtes-du-Nord department distinguished three breeds, including the Corlay breed; the horses were described as small (1.40 m) but of high quality. He adds that horses not crossed with Arabs or Thoroughbreds sell much more cheaply and easily for light cavalry service. In 1845, following the re-establishment of the Haras National de Lamballe, several thoroughbred stallions were sent to Corlay: Craven, Brandy-Face, Festival, Gouvieux, Beauvais, Marin, Chassenon, Chambois, Basque, Kirsch, le Rakos, Vertumne and Pedlar. The stud is also home to the half-bloods Cœur de Chêne, Ementier, Infaillible and Lancastre, and the Norfolk Trotter stallion Flying Cloud, sire of Corlay. In 1849, the Guingamp equestrian commission recommended using Anglo-Arabs in addition to Thoroughbreds to improve the Corlay breed. In 1862, the Lamballe foal and filly competition was renamed the "half-bred and light draft competition", and required participants to run trotters or gallopers during the year. From 1864 onwards, premiums were only awarded to mares covered by a thoroughbred or half-bred stallion from the stud farm administration.

In 1867, the rapporteur of a General Council session stated that "the Corlay breed surpasses in quality and elegance anything we have in Brittany". In 1880, a journalist wrote that the best half-blood horses come from the arrondissement of Loudéac. In 1897, Martial Cornic agreed, calling the Corlay horse "a national glory". At the beginning of the 20th century, bloodhorse breeding in Brittany was exclusively confined to the Corlay, Rostrenen and Loudéac regions.

Influence of the Corlay stallion
The Corlay horse owes part of its reputation to the breeding stallion named Corlay, considered by Bléas to be "perhaps the most famous stallion Brittany has ever had". In 1864, the first Norfolk Trotter, Flying Cloud, was introduced. By crossing with a small 3/4 thoroughbred Corlaysienne galloping mare named Thérésine, he gave birth to Corlay in 1872, who was used as a breeding stallion at the breeding station of the same name for 21 years, between 1876 and 1897. Corlay sired a large number of offspring who excelled as carriage horses, racehorses and saddle horses, and are renowned for their distinction.

Fixed
In 1894, the French studbook for half-blood horses was opened, with a Breton section. The nineteenth century ended with the disappearance of the breed's ancient and traditional type, the "bidet ambleur de Corlay". A local newspaper wrote that the characteristics of the Corlay horse were now fixed: combining the size of the Thoroughbred with the gentleness of Breton bidets, "these horses are perfect". In 1903, the Société hippique de Corlay was set up, organizing competitions. Competitions for yearling and two-year-old fillies made a significant contribution to improving the local breed. In 1905, the Corlay region acquired a racecourse, "Le Petit Paris". In 1908, Count Henry de Robien gave a disparaging review of the Corlay horse, describing it as "quick and flat".

In 1911, the director of the Corlay stud praised the constant improvement in breeding. Forage crops, particularly clover, were also helping to improve animal feed. In 1928, the Société Hippique de Corlay published a 30-page study, an indictment "against the technocratic complacency of 'specialists'" for whom: "Breton horses deserve no reputation: they are undistinguished, badly turned, disproportionate...". The most influential stallions on the breed at the beginning of the 20th century were the half-blood Soliman, who died in 1916 and was known as the sire of excellent broodmares, and the Thoroughbreds Pedlar (1905–1919), Vertumne, Roncal, Rendez-vous and Bon. The Corlay stud provided 1,800 horses for the First World War. Bloodstock breeding in Loudéac declined after the war.

Decline
Count Henry de Robien (1908) anticipates the breed's decline, due to its lack of non-military outlets. He also describes the breed as having disappeared twenty years earlier: "Twenty years ago – as you can see, I'm not going back to the Flood – there was a breed of very distinct, very homogeneous horses in Corlay. These horses were, for the most part, Rouans or Aubères. Well-built, welded, close to the ground, they were as usable in the saddle as in the carriage, as capable of leading oxen in the plow as they were of climbing a Breton embankment, and galloping for a long time behind the dogs."

In 1919, veterinarian Dr. E. Frouin, director of veterinary services for the Côtes-du-Nord, presented a report advising the abolition of saddle horse competitions in all towns in the department, except Corlay, where he recommended increasing premiums to prevent the breed from disappearing. The breed was in decline, according to General de Champvallier (1921), zootechnician Paul Diffloth (1923), E. Frouin (1927–1928) and the Société hippique de Corlay (1928), which reported a significant reduction in the number of Thoroughbred and half-blood stallions between 1900 and 1927, as well as a reduction in Thoroughbred and half-blood breeding from 729 to 110 over the same period.

The reasons for this were competition from draft horses, notably the Breton horse; competition from motor vehicles; and the difficulty of finding quality breeding stallions. The model of the horses tended to be lighter and closer to the Thoroughbred; Diffloth thus asserted that the half-blood galloping breed was "doomed to disappear". By 1933, there were only around 120 Corlay broodmares left, all very heterogeneous in terms of type, depending on the proportion of Thoroughbred influence.

In 1927, the Société hippique de Corlay estimated that Corlay horses had won a total of 500,000 francs in half-blood races.

Description
The Corlay horse is historically a rather small, stocky half-blood, measuring around 1.50 to 1.55 m according to Italian author Maurizio Bongianni, and rarely exceeding 1.55 m according to Paul Diffloth. Its size has increased over time: an average measurement taken in 1898 estimates it at 1.52 to 1.56 m, while another taken in the 1930s gives an average of 1.56 m for 470 kilos, with a thoracic perimeter of 1.82 m, and a barrel circumference of 20 cm. F.-M. Bléas (1913) cites an average height of 1.57 m, with a thoracic perimeter of 1.75 m, and a barrel circumference of 20 cm. In 1927, according to veterinarian E. Frouin's thesis, the average size was 1.53 m to 1.60 m. In 1928 and 1933, the Société hippique de Corlay and an article in the magazine Sport universel illustré gave an average height of 1.55 m for 465 kg, with a maximum of 1.63 m, as determined by the Société du cheval de guerre; a quarter of the breed's horses are over 1.58 m tall.

Morphology
The model is that of the medium-weight saddle horse, with a strong Thoroughbred influence. According to Diffloth, conformation is distinctive. The head is square and light, with an open eye. The neck is well proportioned, the body rounded with high withers. The rump, like the overall conformation, is reminiscent of a bloodhorse. The shoulders have good direction, and the limbs, though not very ample, are lean, sinewy and vigorously jointed. The tendons are well detached, and the feet are of good quality.

Coat
According to Barral, the dominant colors are chestnut, buckskin and bay, with a few gray and black. On the other hand, according to Count de Robien, the dominant colors are mainly roan and strawberry roan.

Temperament, care and gaits
The Corlay horse's gaits are lively and its movements graceful. It is reputed to be a "true saddle horse full of energy, hardiness and means, which inspires confidence in the rider", endowed with energy and stamina, while remaining rustic and sober. Compared to the Thoroughbred, it has less pure speed, but is renowned for its endurance. It has a good galloping class and great jumping ability.

They are bred economically, usually in combination with free-range cattle. Foals are broken in at two-and-a-half to three years of age.

Diet
This horse is raised outdoors in rugged pastures, where it feeds on clover and gorse crushed with oats, supplied by its breeder. One of the particularities of Corlay horse breeding is the use of maerl to strengthen the horses' bones, by mixing it with their feed. Napoleon III allowed breeders to obtain maerl from the Brest harbor and transport it via the Nantes-Brest canal. Breeders also used bone char, or noir de raffinerie, a phosphate-rich by-product of the Nantes sugar industry, as a feed supplement. Later, by mining a limestone vein (the only one in central Brittany) at Cartravers, near Corlay, breeders enriched their pastures with calcium.

Selection
The Corlay horse has never had its own studbook. It is now listed as an AQPS. The Société hippique de Corlay, founded in 1903 by Armand Gast, was given the task of promoting this local breed. The distribution of "conservation premiums" to owners of mares under 7 years of age seems to have played a key role in the establishment of the Corlay breed.

Usage
The breed's ancestors were employed by the Côtes-d'Armor horse postrider. The Corlay horse is mainly used for local racing, thanks to the speed inherited from its Arab and thoroughbred ancestors. An often-told anecdote has it that Napoleon III examined some of them during his visit to Saint-Brieuc in August 1858, and was told that these horses are capable, without any preparation, of delivering a steeplechase of several kilometers on any type of terrain. The following morning, this steeplechase was run in front of him, on very uneven ground soaked by torrential rain. Out of twelve horses running, ten reached the finish without accident, ridden without saddle or stirrups and led by simple nets or with their loins by young farmers.

When racing, the Corlay horse is usually mounted in a bridle, with a hard bit in the mouth to which a rope is tied, and is reputed to be able to complete the tests "without fatigue". In the 20th century, there were races in Brittany reserved for half-breds, in which Corlay horses took part.

The breed was also recommended for light cavalry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as for trail riding, amazon riding and tilbury pulling. Several "tours de force" are attributed to the Corlay horse, including journeys of up to a hundred kilometers in a single day. According to Diffloth (1923): "Some subjects are capable of executing raids of 100 and 120 kilometers in a day. A mare from Corlay has covered 48 kilometers in one hour and a half on a harness trot, and a horse from Corlay recently covered 28 kilometers in one hour on a harness trot".

At the beginning of the 20th century, military sales represented the main outlet for this breed, notably through the Société du cheval de guerre competitions. The breed made its mark several times at société hippique française, notably through its representatives Octave II, Diane, Cyclone, Yvan and Fat. It scores very well in hunting trials and multi-day raids over rough terrain. Her ability to negotiate natural obstacles was commended. Corlaysians have historically attended outdoor horse races in large numbers.

Spread breeding
The town of Corlay owes its reputation to this breed of horse. Its historic production center is located in the Corlay area, south of Guingamp, and in part of the Loudéac arrondissement. Some horses are exported, as Lionel Bonnemère found traces of a Corlay horse in Spain in 1901. He wrote that breeding made the canton's fortune. It's a very local breed, whose numbers have steadily declined. In 1927, according to E. Frouin, only three or four dozen Corlay breeder families perpetuated the local breed. The horse practically disappeared at the end of the 20th century. The town of Corlay has opened a museum to retrace its history, making it one of five sites in Brittany recognized as an "equestrian center of regional interest".

The breed is listed as extinct (status "X") in the 2007 FAO assessment, under the name "Corlais".

In 2005, half-breed breeding remains important in the Corlay region, complementing other types of breeding. Races reserved for AQPS are organized here.