Cross (association football)

In association football, a cross is a medium- to-long-range pass from a wide area of the pitch towards the centre of the field near the opponent's goal. Specifically, the intention of a cross is to directly bring the ball into the box from an angle that allows the attacking forwards to more easily aim for goal with their head or feet. Crosses are generally airborne (floated) to clear nearby defenders, but can also be hit with force along the ground (drilled). It is a quick and effective move.

Use
Crosses are primarily used to create goal-scoring opportunities. Variations on the cross form an important repertoire of counter-attacking tactics. In particular, crosses are indispensable for players in wide positions, usually wingers, wingbacks and fullbacks. These players use the cross to center the ball from the wings of the field into the penalty box, close to the opponent's goal. Awaiting in the box to receive the cross will be team-mates in the central positions, typically forwards. A successful cross from a winger gives a forward the opportunity to deflect the delivered ball towards the opposing goal. If the delivery is high, forwards may volley the crossed ball with their head or feet.

As an attacking move, the cross is typically seen when the player is running towards their opponents goal line. In this instance, it is easier to use the insole of the "outside" foot to deliver the cross. (For example, the right foot is the outside foot if playing on the right side of the field). For this reason, it is more common to see crosses from players playing on the same side of the field as their dominant foot (conventional wingers). It is not uncommon, however, to see talented wingers on opposite wings (inverted wingers) carry out feints and manoeuvres to get into a position where they can cross with the insole of their dominant foot (see Cruyff turn).

Types of crosses
Depending on the intention and skill of the crosser, a cross can be a speculative way to create a half-chance by playing the ball into a dangerous area, or an accurate way to find a team-mate in a more central position, or something in between. In terms of tactics, the crosser can choose whether to initiate a cross from a deeper position (sacrificing angle for a quicker attack), or from a forward position (when the team-mate is more likely to be facing the goal, but may have more defenders around them). Similarly, the crosser can vary the height, speed and curl on the ball to evade defences. Attributes like pace, kicking technique and positional awareness are valuable when looking for good crossers. Similarly, good positioning, heading and volleying attributes and a physical presence allows the target of the cross to stave off defenders and react well to the cross.

Chipped cross
In congested spaces inside the penalty box, the ball can be chipped above the defenders towards a teammate, typically by slicing the bottom of the ball with the insole, or striking it against the ground to make it bounce. While the chipped cross takes the ball away from nearby defenders, it sacrifices momentum and results in slower delivery, allowing the defense to respond better, or for the goalkeeper to rush out and gather or smother the ball with their hands.

Normally, this type of cross is implemented when the team has tall players who can win the aerial battle, or when the crosser is near the targeted team-mate, where curving the ball may be impractical.

Inswinging cross
In the "inswinging cross" or "inswinger" (not to be confused with the cricketing term) the player applies curl to the ball when hitting it in-field, causing it to curve towards the goal.

Inswinging crosses usually arise when a player who is right-footed is on the left side of the pitch (or one who is left-footed and is on the right side of the pitch) and prefers to cross with the inside of the dominant foot. Commonly seen among set-plays (where the player can orient himself to kick with his dominant foot on the opposite flank), inswingers are typically aimed at a heading level, in the hope of creating a headed deflection. The curve imparts a momentum towards the goal, with more favorable chances for deflections to result in a goal. On the other hand, the curl may also bring the ball closer to the goalkeeper, allowing them to more easily rush out and gather (or clear) the ball.

Outswinging cross
With "conventional" wingers (that is, wingers playing on the side of their dominant foot), this is the most commonly encountered cross. When directed infield with the insole of the dominant foot, the ball curves slightly away from the goal.

This is a versatile weapon, as the curve can be used to take the ball away from defences and allow the attacker to run onto the ball, or it can be used as an aerial weapon, allowing for more accurately headed shots towards goal.

Grounded cross
The "grounded cross" or "drilled cross" or "cutback" is a cross along the ground, and is one of the easiest ways to deliver the ball into the centre, especially when the attacking side is more adept technically and does not have a physical or aerial presence upfront. Typical tactics may involve pacy wingers capable of cutting in and outrunning the defence, with the intention of delivering accurate crosses into the box from the goal line. Ground crosses can be riskier tactically.

Grounded crosses may also unintentionally arise from poor technique, when the crosser fails to get sufficient elevation from their kick.

Tactics
As one of the most direct, basic ways of attacking the goal, the cross forms an integral part of wide-play, and allows the attacker to probe for positional weaknesses, stretch out the defence and initiate aerial duels in front of the goal. However, by virtue of it being a medium-to-long-range pass into a (frequently) heavily defended area, crosses can be erratic and can result in loss of possession.

Since the emergence of statistical analysis and strategic ideas like possession-based football and attacking fullbacks, crossing as a tactic has been slowly superseded, with questions on its inefficiency of possession and waning chance conversion ratio at the highest level. While still used occasionally at the highest level, tactics relying on crossing as a "Plan A" tend to be described as "boring" (see Long ball), "naive" or "primitive" (and are contrasted with intricate passing and dribbling technique). Nevertheless, the cross remains a viable tactical option (especially when the attackers are superior in the air) and managers like Sam Allardyce and Tony Pulis have used it as a primary tactic frequently.

In modern football, there currently appear to be fewer players who are adept at crossing the ball as, unlike "traditional wingers", "modern wingers", such as Alexis Sánchez, Lorenzo Insigne or Eden Hazard, tend to play the ball on the ground in order to retain possession, and are typically quick, technically gifted, creative and agile, thus bearing similarities with players who were formerly deployed as supporting strikers or attacking midfielders. Formations that make use of wingers, such as the 4–3–3 and the 4–2–3–1, now often use "inverted wingers" or outside forwards so that players are able to cut into the middle and shoot on goal with their stronger foot, rather than using it predominantly to cross balls into the area for increasingly less-common traditional centre-forwards; when crossing tactics are used, they are usually left to the attacking full-backs or overlapping wing-backs. Traditional wingers, such as Garrincha and David Beckham, have become less common, as a greater emphasis has been placed on dribbling techniques, creativity and "tricks" in modern wingers, rather than crossing. In contemporary 3–5–2 formations and their variants, the wide midfielders are once again replaced by wing-backs to provide width to the team.