Curl (programming language)

Curl is a reflective object-oriented programming language for interactive web applications, whose goal is to provide a smoother transition between content formatting and computer programming. It makes it possible to embed complex objects in simple documents without needing to switch between programming languages or development platforms. The Curl implementation initially consisted of an interpreter only; a compiler was added later.

Curl combines text markup (as in HyperText Markup Language (HTML)), scripting (as in JavaScript), and heavy-duty computing (as in Java, C#, or C++) within one unified framework. It is used in a range of internal enterprise, business-to-business (B2B), and business-to-consumer (B2C) applications.

Curl programs may be compiled into Curl applets, that are viewed using the Curl RTE, a runtime environment with a plugin for web browsers. Currently, it is supported on Microsoft Windows. Linux, and macOS was dropped on March 25, 2019 (starting with version 8.0.10). Curl supports "detached applets", which is a web deployed applet which runs on the user's desktop independent of a browser window much as in Microsoft Silverlight 3 and Adobe AIR.

Architecture
The Curl language attempts to address a long-standing problem: the different building blocks that make up any modern web document most often require wildly different methods of implementation: different languages, different tools, different frameworks, often completely different teams. The final, and often most difficult, hurdle has been getting all of these blocks to communicate with each other in a consistent manner. Curl attempts to side-step these problems by providing a consistent syntactic and semantic interface at all levels of web content creation: from simple HTML to complex object-oriented programming.

Curl is a markup language like HTML—that is, plain text is shown as text; at the same time, Curl includes an object-oriented programming language that supports multiple inheritance. Curl applications are not required to observe the separation of information, style, and behavior that HTML, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and JavaScript have imposed, although that style of programming can be used in Curl if desired.

While the Curl language can be used as an HTML replacement for presenting formatted text, its abilities range all the way to those of a compiled, strongly typed, object-oriented system programming language. Both the authoring (HTML-level) and programming constructs of Curl can be extended in user code. The language is designed so Curl applications can be compiled to native code of the client machine by a just-in-time compiler and run at high speed. Curl applets can also be written so that they can run off-line when disconnected from a network (occasionally connected computing). The Curl IDE is an application written in Curl.

Syntax
A simple Curl applet for a "Hello, World!" program might be:

This code will run if the user has at least one of the Curl versions 7.0 or 8.0 installed.

Curl provides both macros and text-procedures in addition to anonymous procedures and named methods. An alternative using the text-procedure paragraph would be:

Recently this style of layout has been adopted by "builders" in the Groovy language for the Java virtual machine (JVM), but is also familiar to users of CSS or Tcl/Tk. Most features for web applications now implemented through combinations of JavaScript libraries + HTML + CSS are already found within the Curl language, including features usually associated with Prototype + script.aculo.us such as accordion panes.

Curl sets callbacks in the manner also adopted by Groovy:

Curl comments use the vertical bar in several variations. The simplest is as follows:

As lightweight markup
Because Curl provides for both user-defined text procedures and style sheets, it can be used readily as domain-specific lightweight markup. A major advantage over plain text HTML markup is that the text encoding can be set to UTF-8, and text entered in a Unicode-enabled text editor with no escaping of characters (like JavaScript, Curl is Unicode friendly). A poetry example is:

which can initially be implemented by defining the poem and stanza markup as paragraph text formats. Stanza could be further refined to include a hidden navigation anchor for page navigation using the Curl {destination} which is itself a text procedure.

The same markup can be used for different results, as one can style text to be visible in one context and invisible in another. Curl also permits top-level file inclusion so that a source text in markup can be included in different parent files. In education, for example, one could create a source file of test questions, and include it in both a student and a teacher version of the text.