Dactylorhiza majalis

Dactylorhiza majalis, or the broad-leaved marsh orchid, is a terrestrial Eurasian orchid.

Subspecies include: western marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. occidentalis), southern marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. praetermissa), Hebridean marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. ebudensis), and narrow-leaved marsh orchid (Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. traunsteinerioides).

The broad-leaved marsh orchid grows mainly in nitrogen-poor marsh areas that consist of several plant communities. More rarely, it is found in fens. Its flowering period begins at lower elevations as early as the beginning of May and ends in higher elevations at the end of July. The lowest blossoms usually open even before the stem has reached its full height.

Description
On average, Dactylorhiza majalis is 15 to 40 cm tall, though specimens can grow up to 60 cm. Four to ten spotted leaves (either purple or burgundy in color) are distributed around the stem, which is hollow. The leaves are ovate to lanceolate and 6 to 18 cm long by 1.5 to 3.5 cm wide, and get smaller and more lanceolate as they approach the inflorescence. The bracts are about as long as the blossom and cover it before it blooms. The densely flowered inflorescence, which is approximately 5 to 15 cm long, is initially conical, but distinctly cylindrical when in full blossom. The seven to fifty blossoms are colored purplish red, rarely light pink or white. The tuber has a palmate division and an irregular shape.

The broad-leaved marsh orchid has a karyotype of four sets of twenty chromosomes (2n = 4x = 80) and a genome size of 14.24 Gbp (2C). The seed of this orchid contains no endosperm for the embryo. Therefore, germination can take place only by means of infection with a root fungus (mycorrhiza).

Taxonomy
In 1828 Ludwig Reichenbach described the broad-leaved marsh orchid as Orchis majalis. The name became the basionym after Peter Francis Hunt and Victor Samuel Summerhayes transferred the species to the genus Dactylorhiza in 1965. Sometimes the name Dactylorhiza fistulosa is used, but since this description is not valid, the name cannot be used despite its earlier publication in 1794 as Orchis fistulosa.

Many synonyms have been published:


 * Orchis majalis Rchb.
 * Dactylorchis majalis (Rchb.) Verm
 * Orchis baltica (Klinge) A.Fuchs
 * Dactylorchis baltica (Klinge) Verm.
 * Dactylorhiza baltica (Klinge) N.I.Orlova
 * Orchis longifolia Neuman
 * Dactylorhiza ebudensis (Wief. ex R.M.Bateman & Denholm) P.Delforge
 * Orchis francis-drucei Wilmott
 * Dactylorhiza francis-drucei (Wilmott) Aver.
 * Orchis kerryensis Wilmott
 * Dactylorchis kerryensis (Wilmott) Verm.
 * Dactylorhiza kerryensis (Wilmott) P.F.Hunt & Summerh.
 * Dactylorhiza parvimajalis D.Tyteca & Gathoye
 * Orchis occidentalis (Pugsley) Wilmott
 * Dactylorchis occidentalis (Pugsley) Verm.
 * Dactylorhiza occidentalis (Pugsley) P.Delforge
 * Orchis sphagnicola Höppner
 * Dactylorchis sphagnicola (Höppner) Verm.
 * Dactylorhiza sphagnicola (Höppner) Aver.
 * Dactylorchis hoeppneri (A.Fuchs) Verm.
 * Orchis hoeppneri (A.Fuchs) Höppner ex Verm.
 * Dactylorchis deweveri Verm.
 * Dactylorhiza deweveri (Verm.) Soó
 * Dactylorhiza hoeppneri (A.Fuchs) Soó
 * Dactylorhiza sennia Vollmar
 * Orchis traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) Pugsley
 * Dactylorchis traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) Verm.
 * Dactylorhiza traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) Landwehr

Subspecies and varieties
Many names have been proposed at the subspecies, variety and form levels, but as of June 2014 only the following are recognized:
 * Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. baltica (Klinge) H.Sund. – Finland, Germany, the Baltic Republics, Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan
 * Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. ebudensis (Wief. ex R.M.Bateman & Denholm) M.R.Lowe – Outer Hebrides of Scotland
 * Dactylorhiza majalis var. francis-drucei (Wilmott) R.M.Bateman & Denholm – Scotland
 * Dactylorhiza majalis var. kerryensis (Wilmott) R.M.Bateman & Denholm – western Ireland
 * Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. majalis – widespread across much of Europe from Spain to Russia
 * Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. occidentalis (Pugsley) P.D.Sell – Britain and Ireland
 * Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. sphagnicola (Höppner) H.A.Pedersen & Hedrén – Scandinavia, Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands
 * Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. traunsteinerioides (Pugsley) R.M.Bateman & Denholm – Britain and Ireland

Hybrids
The broad-leaved marsh orchid hybridizes quite commonly with other species of its genus.
 * Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana (Dactylorhiza incarnata × D. majalis)
 * Dactylorhiza × braunii (Dactylorhiza fuchsii × D. majalis)
 * Dactylorhiza × dufftiana (Dactylorhiza traunsteineri × D. majalis)
 * Dactylorhiza × godferyana (Dactylorhiza praetermissa × D. majalis)
 * Dactylorhiza × kuehnensis (Dactylorhiza ruthei × D. majalis)
 * Dactylorhiza × townsendiana (Dactylorhiza maculata × D. majalis)
 * Dactylorhiza × rupertii (Dactylorhiza sambucina × D. majalis)

More rarely, hybrids with other genera (intergeneric hybrids) occur.
 * ×Dactyloglossum drucei (Coeloglossum viride × Dactylorhiza majalis)
 * ×Dactylodenia lebrunii (Dactylorhiza majalis × Gymnadenia conopsea)

Range
Dactylorhiza majalis is widespread across much of Europe and north-central Asia, from Spain and Ireland to Siberia and Kazakhstan.

In Germany the broad-leaved marsh orchid is widespread but with several gaps. In many places, especially from western to northern Germany, it is extinct.

In Switzerland it is also quite widespread. A significant gap is found south of the Aar between Aarau and Lake Neuchâtel.

Conservation
Although the broad-leaved marsh orchid is commonly found in some regions, it is nevertheless protected as an orchid.

As with many marsh plants, the numbers of this species have been dwindling for quite some time. The main causes are the entry of nitrogen via fertilizer, drying out of the habitat, and intensive conversion to pasture. The broad-leaved marsh orchid does not react so sensitively to changes in its habitat as for example the early marsh orchid, Dactylorhiza incarnata. It is usually the last of the native orchids to disappear. This tolerance makes it a still relatively common species.