Damietta



Damietta (دمياط  ; ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ) is a port city and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt. It is located at the Damietta branch, an eastern distributary of the Nile Delta, 15 km from the Mediterranean Sea, and about 200 km north of Cairo. It was a Catholic bishopric and is a multiple titular see. It is also a member of the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities.

Etymology
The modern name of the city comes from its Coptic name Tamiati (ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ Late Coptic: ), which in turn most likely comes from Ancient Egyptian   (, "mooring, port, town") and  , a determinative used for towns and cities, although al-Maqrizi suggested a Syriac etymology.

History
Mentioned by the 6th-century geographer Stephanus of Byzantium, the city was called Tamíathis (Ταμίαθις) in the Hellenistic period.

Under the Rashid caliph Umar (579–644), the Arabs took the city and successfully resisted the attempts by the Byzantine Empire to recover it, especially in 739, 821, 921 and 968. The Abbasid Caliphate used Alexandria, Damietta, Aden and Siraf as entry ports to India and Tang China. Damietta was an important naval base during the Abbasid, Tulunid and Fatimid periods. This led to several attacks by the Byzantine Empire, most notably the sack and destruction of the city in May 853.

Damietta was again important in the 12th and 13th centuries during the Crusades. In 1169, a fleet from the Kingdom of Jerusalem, with support from the Byzantine Empire, attacked the port, but the besiegers returned home without any success to capture the port, which was defended by Saladin.

During preparations for the Fifth Crusade in 1217, it was decided that Damietta should be the focus of attack. Control of Damietta meant control of the Nile, and from there the Crusaders believed they could conquer Egypt. From Egypt, they could then attack Ayyubid-ruled Palestine and recapture Jerusalem. After the siege of Damietta of 1218–19, the port was occupied by the Crusaders. The siege devastated the population of Damietta. After the crusaders captured Damietta in November 1219, they looted the city.

Earlier that year, Francis of Assisi had arrived to negotiate with the Muslim ruler peaceably. In 1221 the Crusaders attempted to march to Cairo, but were destroyed by the combination of nature and Muslim defenses.

Damietta was also the object of the Seventh Crusade, led by Louis IX of France. His fleet arrived there in 1249 and quickly captured the fort, which he refused to hand over to the nominal king of Jerusalem, to whom it had been promised during the Fifth Crusade. However, having been taken prisoner with his army in April 1250, Louis was obliged to surrender Damietta as ransom.

Hearing that Louis was preparing a new crusade, the Mamluk sultan Baybars – given the importance of the city to the Crusaders – destroyed it in 1251 and rebuilt it with stronger fortifications a few kilometers from the Nile in the early 1260s, making the mouth of the Damietta branch impassable for ships.

Ecclesiastical history
Hellenistic Tamiathis became a Christian bishopric, a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Pelusium, the capital of the Roman province of Augustamnica Prima, to which Tamiathis belonged. Its bishop Heraclius took part in the Council of Ephesus in 431. Helpidius was a signatory of the decree of Patriarch Gennadius of Constantinople against simony in 459. Bassus was at the Second Council of Constantinople (553). In a letter from Patriarch Michael I of Alexandria read at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879), mention is made of Zacharias of Tamiathis, who had attended a synod that Michael had convened in support of Photius. Later bishops too of Tamiathis are named in other documents. In 1249, when Louis IX of France captured the city, it became for a short time the seat of a Latin Church bishop. The Latin bishopric, no longer residential, is today listed by the Catholic Church twice as a titular see under the names Tamiathis (Latin) and Damiata (Curiate Italian), each at time of episcopal or archiepiscopal rank, of the Latin and Melkite Catholic Churches, for the Catholic Church, having been until the early 20th century an important centre for that church.

Titular Latin see
The diocese was nominally restored in the 17th century when established as Latin titular archbishopric of Damietta of the Romans (Tamiathis or Tomiathianus Romanorum; Damiata in Curiate) and had the following incumbents of the intermediary archiepiscopal rank :
 * Bernardino Spada (later Cardinal) (1623.12.04 – 1626.01.19)
 * Cardinal Cesare Facchinetti (1639.09.05 – 1672.11.14)
 * Neri Corsini (later Cardinal) (1652.08.12 – 1664.01.14)
 * Angelo Maria Ranuzzi (later Cardinal) (1668.04.30 – 1678.04.18)
 * Ercole Visconti (1678.07.18 – ?)
 * Marco Antonio Ansidei (later Cardinal) (1724.06.12 – 1726.12.16)
 * Raffaele Cosimo De Girolami (later Cardinal) (1728.03.08 – 1743.09.09)
 * Paul Alpheran de Bussan, Sovereign Military Order of Malta (O.B.E.) (1746.09.19 – 1757.04.20)
 * Vincenzo Maria de Francisco e Galletti, Dominican Order (O.P.) (1757.12.19 – 1769.07.19)
 * Bonaventura Prestandrea, Conventual Franciscans (O.F.M. Conv.) (1769.12.18 – 1777.12.21)
 * Bartolomeo Pacca (later Cardinal) (1785.09.26 – 1801.02.23)
 * Giovanni Francesco Compagnoni Marefoschi (1816.04.29 – 1820.09.17)
 * Giovanni Giacomo Sinibaldi (1821.08.13 – 1843.01.27) (later Patriarch)*
 * Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci (later Pope Leo XIII) (1843.01.27 – 1846.01.19)
 * Diego Planeta (1850.01.07 – 1858.06.05)
 * Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano (later Cardinal) (1866.05.04 – 1873.12.22)
 * Eugène-Louis-Marie Lion, O.P. (1874.03.13 – 1883.08.08)
 * Eugenio Lachat, Missionaries of the Precious Blood (C.PP.S.) (1885.03.23 – 1886.11.01)
 * Ignazio Persico (德斯馬曾), O.F.M. Cap. (later Cardinal) (1887.03.14 – 1893.01.16)
 * Andrea Aiuti (later Cardinal) (1893.06.12 – 1903.06.22)
 * Edoardo Carlo Gastone Pöttickh de Pettenegg, Teutonic Order (O.T.) (1904.11.14 – 1918.10.01)
 * Sebastião Leite de Vasconcellos (1919.12.15 – 1923.01.29)
 * Luigi Pellizzo (1923.03.24 – 1936.08.14)

Demoted in 1925 as Titular bishopric, it has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents, all of the episcopal (lowest) rank:
 * Guglielmo Grassi (1937.01.13 – 1954.09.14)
 * Eugenio Beitia Aldazabal (1954.10.30 – 1962.01.27)
 * Marco Caliaro, Scalabrinians (C.S.) (1962.02.10 – 1962.05.23)
 * Antonio Cece (1962.08.06 – 1966.03.31)

Titular Melkite see
Established in 1900 as titular bishopric of Damietta of the Melkite Greeks (Tamiathis or Tomiathianus Graecorum Melkitarum; Damiata), it was suppressed in 1935, after a single incumbent of this episcopal (lowest) rank:
 * Titular Bishop Paul-Raphaël Abi-Mourad (1900.07.02 – 1935.08.08)

Restored in 1961 as Titular archbishopric, it has had the following incumbents of the archiepiscopal (intermediary) rank:
 * Titular Archbishop Antonio Farage (1961.03.07 – 1963.11.09)
 * Titular Archbishop Nicolas Hajj (1965.07.30 – 1984.11.03)
 * Titular Archbishop Joseph Jules Zerey (2001.06.22 – ... ), protosyncellus of Jerusalem of the Greek-Melkites (Palestine)

Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh), but blowing winds from the Mediterranean Sea greatly moderate the temperatures, typical to the Egypt's north coast, making its summers moderately hot and humid while its winters mild and moderately wet where sleet and hail are also common.

Port Said, Kosseir, Ras El Bar, Baltim, Damietta and Alexandria have the least temperature variation in Egypt.

Economy
Damietta is very famous for its furniture industry. In addition to the Egyptian market, its furniture is sold in Arab countries, Africa, Europe, the United States, and almost all over the world. Today, there is a canal connecting it to the Nile, which has made it an important port once again. Containers are transported through the new Damietta Port. The Damietta governorate has a population of about 1,093,580 (2006). It contains the SEGAS LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) plant, which will ultimately have a capacity of 9.6 million ton/year through two trains. The plant is owned by Segas, a joint venture of the Spanish utility Unión Fenosa (40%), Italian oil company Eni (40%) and the Egyptian companies EGAS and EGPC (10% each). The plant is unusual since it is not supplied from a dedicated field, but is supplied with gas from the Egyptian grid. , EMethanex, the Egyptian division of Methanex Corporation, a Canadian owned company, was building a 3600 MTPD methanol plant. Damietta also has a woodworking industry and is also noted for its White Domiati cheese and other dairy products and Pâtisserie and Egyptian desserts. It is also a fishing port.

Main sights

 * Mosques
 * Amr ibn al-As Mosque (Damietta), the second mosque to be built in Egypt and Africa by the Arabs after entering Egypt. It was twice converted to a church during the city's occupation by the Crusaders. Louis IX of France's son, John Tristan, was baptized by a legate of the pope in this mosque.
 * Al-Bahr Mosque, dating to the Ottoman rule era.
 * Al-Hadidy Mosque in Faraskour, 200 years old.
 * Al-Maainy Mosque, dating to the reign of al-Naser Mohammed ibn Qalawon.
 * Al-Matbuly Mosque, dating to the Mamluk era.
 * Al-Radwaniya Mosque, dating to the Mamluk era.


 * Other
 * Tabiet Ahmed Urabi, ruins of Damietta Fort at Ezbet El-Borg.
 * The Old Bridge, dating to the early 20th century.
 * Souk al-Hesba, the old city centre, dating to the Abbasid rule era.

Notable people

 * Kamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Damiri, (1344–1405), writer on canon law and natural history
 * Refaat Al-Gammal (Raafat el-Haggan), Egyptian spy
 * Professor Aisha Abd al-Rahman (Bent Al Shatea), journalist and Muslim philosopher
 * Latifa al-Zayyat, activist and writer
 * Professor Abdel Rahman Badawi, professor of philosophy
 * St. Sidhom Bishay, Coptic martyr
 * Rifaat El-Fanagily, football player
 * Mohamed Fahim ElGindy, who established and developed the furniture industry during 20th century in Damietta
 * Rifaat el-Mahgoub, former Head of the Egyptian Parliament and a member of the ruling National Democratic Party
 * Besheer El-Tabei, football player
 * Mohammed Hassan El-Zayyat, former minister of foreign affairs.
 * Farag Foda, secular writer shot to death in his office on 8 June 1992 by two Islamic fundamentalists from the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya group.
 * Zahi Hawass, Egyptologist
 * Yusuf Idris, writer and psychiatrist
 * Zaki Naguib Mahmoud, writer and philosopher
 * Ali Moustafa Mosharafa, physicist and contributor to the theory of relativity
 * Farouk Shousha, poet; previously head of Egyptian Radio (El Soaraa village)
 * Essam El Hadary, football player