Derived set (mathematics)

In mathematics, more specifically in point-set topology, the derived set of a subset $$S$$ of a topological space is the set of all limit points of $$S.$$ It is usually denoted by $$S'.$$

The concept was first introduced by Georg Cantor in 1872 and he developed set theory in large part to study derived sets on the real line.

Definition
The derived set of a subset $$S$$ of a topological space $$X,$$ denoted by $$S',$$ is the set of all points $$x \in X$$ that are limit points of $$S,$$ that is, points $$x$$ such that every neighbourhood of $$x$$ contains a point of $$S$$ other than $$x$$ itself.

Examples
If $$\Reals$$ is endowed with its usual Euclidean topology then the derived set of the half-open interval $$[0, 1)$$ is the closed interval $$[0, 1].$$

Consider $$\Reals$$ with the topology (open sets) consisting of the empty set and any subset of $$\Reals$$ that contains 1. The derived set of $$A := \{1\}$$ is $$A' = \Reals \setminus \{1\}.$$

Properties
If $$A$$ and $$B$$ are subsets of the topological space $$(X, \mathcal{F}),$$ then the derived set has the following properties:
 * $$\varnothing' = \varnothing$$
 * $$a \in A'$$ implies $$a \in (A \setminus \{a\})'$$
 * $$(A \cup B)' = A' \cup B'$$
 * $$A \subseteq B$$ implies $$A' \subseteq B'$$

A subset $$S$$ of a topological space is closed precisely when $$S' \subseteq S,$$ that is, when $$S$$ contains all its limit points. For any subset $$S,$$ the set $$S \cup S'$$ is closed and is the closure of $$S$$ (that is, the set $$\overline{S}$$).

The derived set of a subset of a space $$X$$ need not be closed in general. For example, if $$X = \{a, b\}$$ with the trivial topology, the set $$S = \{a\}$$ has derived set $$S' = \{b\},$$ which is not closed in $$X.$$ But the derived set of a closed set is always closed. In addition, if $$X$$ is a T1 space, the derived set of every subset of $$X$$ is closed in $$X.$$

Two subsets $$S$$ and $$T$$ are separated precisely when they are disjoint and each is disjoint from the other's derived set $S' \cap T = \varnothing = T' \cap S.$

A bijection between two topological spaces is a homeomorphism if and only if the derived set of the image (in the second space) of any subset of the first space is the image of the derived set of that subset.

A space is a T1 space if every subset consisting of a single point is closed. In a T1 space, the derived set of a set consisting of a single element is empty (Example 2 above is not a T1 space). It follows that in T1 spaces, the derived set of any finite set is empty and furthermore, $$(S - \{p\})' = S' = (S \cup \{p\})',$$ for any subset $$S$$ and any point $$p$$ of the space. In other words, the derived set is not changed by adding to or removing from the given set a finite number of points. It can also be shown that in a T1 space, $$\left(S'\right)' \subseteq S'$$ for any subset $$S.$$

A set $$S$$ with $$S \subseteq S'$$ (that is, $$S$$ contains no isolated points) is called dense-in-itself. A set $$S$$ with $$S = S'$$ is called a perfect set. Equivalently, a perfect set is a closed dense-in-itself set, or, put another way, a closed set with no isolated points. Perfect sets are particularly important in applications of the Baire category theorem.

The Cantor–Bendixson theorem states that any Polish space can be written as the union of a countable set and a perfect set. Because any Gδ subset of a Polish space is again a Polish space, the theorem also shows that any Gδ subset of a Polish space is the union of a countable set and a set that is perfect with respect to the induced topology.

Topology in terms of derived sets
Because homeomorphisms can be described entirely in terms of derived sets, derived sets have been used as the primitive notion in topology. A set of points $$X$$ can be equipped with an operator $$S \mapsto S^*$$ mapping subsets of $$X$$ to subsets of $$X,$$ such that for any set $$S$$ and any point $$a$$:


 * 1) $$\varnothing^* = \varnothing$$
 * 2) $$S^{**} \subseteq S^*\cup S$$
 * 3) $$a \in S^*$$ implies $$a \in (S \setminus \{a\})^*$$
 * 4) $$(S \cup T)^* \subseteq S^* \cup T^*$$
 * 5) $$S \subseteq T$$ implies $$S^* \subseteq T^*.$$

Calling a set $$S$$ if $$S^* \subseteq S$$ will define a topology on the space in which $$S \mapsto S^*$$ is the derived set operator, that is, $$S^* = S'.$$

Cantor–Bendixson rank
For ordinal numbers $$\alpha,$$ the $$\alpha$$-th Cantor–Bendixson derivative of a topological space is defined by repeatedly applying the derived set operation using transfinite recursion as follows: The transfinite sequence of Cantor–Bendixson derivatives of $$X$$ is decreasing and must eventually be constant. The smallest ordinal $$\alpha$$ such that $$X^{\alpha+1} = X^\alpha$$ is called the  of $$X.$$
 * $$\displaystyle X^0 = X$$
 * $$\displaystyle X^{\alpha+1} = \left(X^\alpha\right)'$$
 * $$\displaystyle X^\lambda = \bigcap_{\alpha < \lambda} X^\alpha$$ for limit ordinals $$\lambda.$$

This investigation into the derivation process was one of the motivations for introducing ordinal numbers by Georg Cantor.