Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (also known as DPDP Act or DPDPA-2023) is an act of the Parliament of India to provide for the processing of digital personal data in a manner that recognises both the right of individuals to protect their personal data and the need to process such personal data for lawful purposes and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. This is the first Act of the Parliament of India where "she/her" pronouns were used unlike the usual "he/him" pronouns.

Timeline

 * On 18 November 2022, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology released the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022 for public consultation.
 * On 5 July 2023, the cabinet has approved the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 which is the revised version of the bill which was put up for public consultation earlier.
 * On 3 August 2023, the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 was introduced in Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India.
 * On 7 August 2023, the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 was passed by Lok Sabha.
 * On 9 August 2023, the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 was introduced and passed by Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India.
 * On 11 August 2023, the President of India has given assent to the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 which now makes it the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.

Background

 * On 24 August 2017, the Supreme Court of India gave the Right to Privacy verdict. In the case of Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. vs Union Of India And Ors., the Supreme court held that the Right to Privacy is a fundamental right protected under Article 21 and Part III of the Indian Constitution.
 * After the verdict the Government of India has set up a data protection framework which started taking steps towards the creation of the data protection legislation after the Supreme Court of India's privacy verdict.
 * On 22 December 2018, the constitution of committee of experts to deliberate on a data protection framework for India takes place by the chairmanship of Justice B.N. Srikrishna.
 * After the Government of India has constituted an expert committee under, the committee has sought public consultation on various white papers on data protection framework for India.
 * The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2018 draft was released.
 * The committee of experts under chairmanship of Justice B.N. Srikrishna has released their Data Protection Committee report.
 * On 14 August 2018, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology sought feedback on the Draft Personal Data Protection Bill.
 * On 4 December 2019, after further deliberations the Bill was approved by the cabinet ministry of India.
 * On 11 December 2019, the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 was tabled in Lok Sabha.
 * On 11 December 2019, the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 was referred to the Joint Parliamentary Committee.
 * On 16 December 2021, the standing committee has submitted its report on the bill.
 * On 3 August 2022, the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 was withdrawn.
 * On 18 November 2022, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology released the draft legislation of the data protection framework for public consultation.
 * On 3 August 2023, the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 was introduced in the Lok Sabha

Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology set up a committee to study issues related to data protection. The committee was chaired by retired Supreme Court judge Justice B. N. Srikrishna. The committee submitted the draft version of Personal Data Protection in July 2018. The report was modified several times later by the Government of India and after receiving the approval of central cabinet the draft legislation was tabled in the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019.

As bill
The Bill aims to:

"to provide for protection of the privacy of individuals relating to their personal data, specify the flow and usage of personal data, create a relationship of trust between persons and entities processing the personal data, protect the fundamental rights of individuals whose personal data are processed, to create a framework for organisational and technical measures in processing of data, laying down norms for social media intermediary, cross-border transfer, accountability of entities processing personal data, remedies for unauthorised and harmful processing, and to establish a Data Protection Authority of India for the said purposes and for matters connected there with or incidental thereto."

It provided for extensive provisions around collection of consent, assessment of datasets, data flows and transfers of personal data, including to third countries and other aspects around anonymized and non-personal data.

Criticism and withdrawal
The revised 2019 Bill was criticized by Justice B. N. Srikrishna, the drafter of the original Bill, as having the ability to turn India into an "Orwellian State". In an interview with Economic Times, Srikrishna said that, "The government can at any time access private data or government agency data on grounds of sovereignty or public order. This has dangerous implications.” This view is shared by a think tank in their comment number 3.

Fresh criticism on the international level comes from an advisor to a group proposing an alternative text. A moderately critical summary is available from an India scholar working with an American co-author.

The role of social media intermediaries is being regulated more tightly on several fronts. The Wikimedia Foundation is hoping that the PDP bill will prove the lesser evil compared with the Draft Information Technology [Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018.

Forbes India reports that "there are concerns that the Bill gives the government blanket powers to access citizens' data."

Jaiveer Shergill, a prominent Supreme Court Lawyer has shared the pitfalls and gaps of the current version of the draft bill. There are serious loopholes of how the bill is unable to identify the scope of governmental bodies in distinguishing who has access to the personal data of the citizens and missing state bodies to monitor the personal data.

The bill after being tabled was referred to the JPC which was chaired by Meenakshi Lekhi. Later received criticism from stakeholders, opposition and experts the bill was withdrawn from the Parliament of India on 3 August 2022.

Aim
Source:

"The Bill provides for the processing of digital personal data in a manner that recognizes both the rights of the individuals to protect their personal data and the need to process such personal data for lawful purposes and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto." The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 is the draft version of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, initially the government has released its the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022 on 18 November 2022 for public consultation till 2 January 2023 and approved the revised version of the earlier draft which was released for public consultation making it the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023.

Timeline, introduction and passage

 * On 18 November 2022, the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022 was released for public consultation, the deadline for receiving comments was 17 December 2022
 * On 17 December 2022, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology has extended the deadline for receiving public comments till 2 January 2023
 * On 5 July 2023, the cabinet has approved the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 which is the revised version of the bill which was put up for public consulation earlier.
 * On 3 August 2023, the revised version of the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022 which is the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 was introduced by Ashwini Vaishnaw, Minister of Electronics and Information Technology in Lok Sabha.
 * On 7 August 2023, the bill was passed by Lok Sabha. The bill was then introduced and passed in the upper house of the Indian Parliament Rajya Sabha on 9 August 2023.
 * On 11 August 2023, Draupadi Murmu, President of India has given assent to the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023 which made it the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.

Overview
The Act protects digital personal data (that is, the data by which a person may be identified) by providing for the following
 * The obligations of Data Fiduciaries (that is, persons, companies and government entities who process data) for data processing (that is, collection, storage or any other operation on personal data)
 * The rights and duties of Data Principals (that is, the person to whom the data relates)
 * Financial penalties for breach of rights, duties and obligations
 * Establishment of Data Protection Board of India

Comparison with GDPR
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDPA) and the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) share similar principles but differ in key aspects. The DPDPA-2023 applies only to digital personal data, while GDPR covers all forms of personal data. Unlike GDPR, DPDPA-2023 does not distinguish between personal and sensitive personal data. Both laws grant similar rights to individuals but differ in their approach to legal bases for data processing.

Data Protection Board of India
The Data Protection Board of India, an adjudicating body, will be established as per the provisions in this Act.

The Minister of Electronics and Information Technology Ashwini Vaishnaw and MoS Rajeev Chandrasekhar stated in press that the Central government is setting up the Data Protection Board of India which will be an adjudicating body. It is a body that adjudicates the dispute between those whose personal data has been given to a platform and the platform which has in turn breached the obligations under the law.

Rights and provisions

 * Right to access personal data
 * Right to correction and erasure of data
 * Right to revoke consent
 * Special provisions for the protection of data related minors (under 18 children)
 * Minimum penalty for breach is 50 crore INR
 * The terms and conditions and information related to collection of data should be made available in all the 22 languages in the 8th schedule of the Indian constitution
 * Right to grievance redressal
 * Right to nominate a consent manager to manage their data related requests on behalf of a data principal (The right to nominate a person to exercise rights in case of death or incapacity)
 * The Act does not permit processing which is detrimental to well-being of children or involves their tracking, behavioral monitoring or targeted advertising

Exemptions
The Act has made exemptions from the regulations related to the Act, they are:


 * The processing of personal data is necessary for enforcing any legal right or claim
 * The processing of personal data by any court or tribunal or any other body in India which is entrusted by law with the performance of any judicial or quasi-judicial or regulatory or supervisory function, where such processing is necessary for the performance of such function
 * Personal data is processed in the interest of prevention, detection, investigation or prosecution of any offence or contravention of any law for the time being in force in India
 * Personal data of Data Principals not within the territory of India is processed pursuant to any contract entered into with any person outside the territory of India by any person based in India
 * The processing is necessary for a scheme of compromise or arrangement or merger or amalgamation of two or more companies or a reconstruction by way of demerger or otherwise of a company, or transfer of undertaking of one or more company to another company, or involving division of one or more companies, approved by a court or tribunal or other authority competent to do so by any law for the time being in force
 * The processing is for the purpose of ascertaining the financial information and assets and liabilities of any person who has defaulted in payment due on account of a loan or advance taken from a financial institution, subject to such processing being in accordance with the provisions regarding disclosure of information or data in any other law for the time being in force.

Transfer of Personal Data Outside India
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 has relaxed data localisation requirements when compared to the earlier attempted legislation PDP Bill, 2019 and permits cross-border data flow to certain countries and territories as may be notified by the central government. Unlike the earlier bills, the present legislation does not prescribe local storage or localization requirements. However there is a restriction on this, only the countries that are notified by the central government under this Act are allowed to do so under the regulations. Regarding on what basis the countries are notified and other data processing related details are yet to be announced by the Data Protection Board of India.

Non-applicability to offline personal data
The Act is only applicable to the data collected digitally and when offline data gets digitized. Not having the applicability on offline personal data was criticized as there is no framework on how such data is handled.

Misplaced objectives, difference in Right to Privacy verdict interpretation
The statement of objects and purpose of the DPDPA-2023 state that it is to "provide for the processing of digital personal data in a manner that recognizes both the right of individuals to protect their personal data and the need to process personal data for lawful purposes, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto".

As it replaces information security with the right of an individual to control their own data privacy, the Act confuses the idea of informational privacy and leaves much to be desired. Since the need for such legislation was first stated in the Right to Privacy verdict, it appears that the DPDPA-2023 as it was enacted in this state differs from the original idea of what the law could have been.

Exemptions to Government
The exemptions to the Government were criticized by the opposition and experts stating that the Right to privacy verdict is a fundamental right as per the supreme court's verdict and this exemptions don't ensure the satisfaction of the right to privacy.

However Rajeev, MoS has countered that these exemptions are for such incidents where a disaster or terrorist activity occurs and government should be able to access such personal data to rescue people in disastrous situations, and/or identify people behind a terrorist activity. The MoS has further confirmed that the government is also under the obligation of protecting the personal data it has, the only exemption is, it can access that data in events concerning "national security".

Obligation with Convention on the Rights of the Child
The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 requires data fiduciaries to obtain verifiable consent from a legal guardian before processing the personal data of a child (below 18 years). This would necessitate verifying the age of all users signing up for digital services to determine if they are minors and obtain parental consent. However, this verification process may compromise anonymity in the digital space, as it requires providing proof of age. These restrictions contravene India's obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child.