Dimethyl oxalate

Dimethyl oxalate is an organic compound with the formula (CO2CH3)2 or (CH3)2C2O4. It is the dimethyl ester of oxalic acid. Dimethyl oxalate is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water.

Production
Dimethyl oxalate can be obtained by esterification of oxalic acid with methanol using sulfuric acid as a catalyst:
 * $$\rm 2\ CH_3OH + (CO_2H)_2\ \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4}\ (CO_2CH_3)_2 + 2\ H_2O$$

Oxidative carbonylation route
The preparation by oxidative carbonylation has attracted interest because it requires only C1 precursors:
 * $$\rm 4 \ CH_3OH + 4 \ CO + O_2 \xrightarrow{catalyst}\ 2 \ (CO_2CH_3)_2 + 2 \ H_2O$$

The reaction is catalyzed by Pd2+. The synthesis gas is mostly obtained from coal or biomass. The oxidation proceeds via dinitrogen trioxide, which is formed according to (1) of nitrogen monoxide and oxygen and then reacts according to (2) with methanol forming methyl nitrite:


 * Methylnitrite Synthesis.svg

In the next step of dicarbonylation (3) carbon monoxide reacts with methyl nitrite to dimethyl oxalate in the vapor phase at atmospheric pressure and temperatures at 80-120 °C over a palladium catalyst:


 * DMO Synthesis Summary.svg

The sum equation:


 * DMO from MeOH via oxidative carbonylation.svg

This method is lossless with respect to methyl nitrite, which acts practically as a carrier of oxidation equivalents. However, the water formed must be removed to prevent hydrolysis of the dimethyl oxalate product. With 1% Pd/α-Al2O3 dimethyl oxalate is produced selectively in a dicarbonylation reaction, under the same conditions with 2% Pd/C dimethyl carbonate is produced by monocarbonylation:


 * Monocarbonylation of MeOH corr.svg

Alternatively, the oxidative carbonylation of methanol can be carried out with high yield and selectivity with 1,4-benzoquinone as an oxidant in the system Pd(OAc)2/PPh3/benzoquinone with mass ratio 1/3/100 at 65 °C and 70 atm CO:


 * Oxidative carbonylation with BQ corr.svg

Reactions
Dimethyl oxalate (and the related diethyl ester) is used in diverse condensation reactions. For example, diethyl oxalate condenses with cyclohexanone to give the diketo-ester, a precursor to pimelic acid. With diamines, the diesters of oxalic acid condense to give cyclic diamides. Quinoxalinedione is produced by condensation of dimethyloxalate and o-phenylenediamine:
 * C2O2(OMe)2 + C6H4(NH2)2 → C6H4(NHCO)2 + 2 MeOH

Hydrogenation gives ethylene glycol. Dimethyl oxalate can be converted into ethylene glycol in high yields (94.7%)


 * MEG from DMO.svg

The methanol formed is recycled in the process of oxidative carbonylation. Other plants with a total annual capacity of more than 1 million tons of ethylene glycol per year are planned.

Decarbonylation gives dimethyl carbonate.
 * DMC from DMO.svg

Diphenyl oxalate is obtained by transesterification with phenol in the presence of titanium catalysts, which is again decarbonylated to diphenyl carbonate in the liquid or gas phase.

Dimethyl oxalate can also be used as a methylating agent. It is notably less toxic than other methylating agents such as methyl iodide or dimethyl sulfate.