Distribution (economics)

In economics, distribution is the way total output, income, or wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as labour, land, and capital). In general theory and in for example the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts, each unit of output corresponds to a unit of income. One use of national accounts is for classifying factor incomes and measuring their respective shares, as in national Income. But, where focus is on income of persons or households, adjustments to the national accounts or other data sources are frequently used. Here, interest is often on the fraction of income going to the top (or bottom) x percent of households, the next x percent, and so forth (defined by equally spaced cut points, say quintiles), and on the factors that might affect them (globalization, tax policy, technology, etc.).

History
Distribution has been central in the study of political economy since the 19th century, as shown in scholarship by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill.

Descriptive, theoretical, scientific, and welfare uses
Income distribution can describe a prospectively observable element of an economy. It has been used as an input for testing theories explaining the distribution of income, for example human capital theory and the theory of economic discrimination (Becker, 1993, 1971).

In welfare economics, a level of feasible output possibilities is commonly distinguished from the distribution of income for those output possibilities. But in the formal theory of social welfare, rules for selection from feasible distributions of income and output are a way of representing normative economics at a high level of generality.

Neoclassical distribution theory
In neoclassical economics, the supply and demand of each factor of production interact in factor markets to determine equilibrium output, income, and the income distribution. Factor demand in turn incorporates the marginal-productivity relationship of that factor in the output market. Analysis applies to not only capital and land but the distribution of income in labor markets.

The neoclassical growth model provides an account of how the distribution of income between capital and labor is determined in competitive markets at the macroeconomic level over time with technological change and changes in the size of the capital stock and labor force. More recent developments of the distinction between human capital and physical capital and between social capital and personal capital have deepened analysis of distribution.

Statistics
Vilfredo Pareto proposed the distribution of income can be described by a power-law: this is now called the Pareto distribution.

Distribution of what?

 * Goods (economics)
 * Income distribution
 * Income
 * Distribution of wealth
 * Wealth concentration
 * Wealth

Classical distribution theory

 * Classical economics: value theory

Marxian distribution theory

 * Marxian economics: Marx's economic theories
 * Value product

Neoclassical distribution theory

 * Neoclassical microeconomic model of labor market demand and supply
 * Production function
 * Outline of industrial organization
 * Production theory basics

Normative economics of distribution

 * Welfare economics
 * Distributive justice
 * Justice (economics)
 * Social choice theory
 * Social welfare function