Domlur (bengaluru) inscriptions

Domlur is a locality in the eastern part of Bengaluru city in India. Domlur is a historic places as indicated in the 18 inscriptions spanning the period 1200-1440CE found there. Of these, 16 inscriptions are at the Chokkanathaswamy Temple dedicated to the deity Chokkanathaswamy or the Chokka Perumal [the Hindu God Vishnu]. Of these eleven inscriptions are from the period 1200-1440 CE and have been documented earlier in Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol 9, these are mostly donatory inscriptions for the deity Chokkanathaswamy and for the Someshwara temple (non-existent).

Domlur has been referred to variously as Tombalur, Dombalur and Desi Manicka Patanam in the inscriptions. All the inscriptions barring one are located in the precincts of the Chokkanathaswamy Temple. The earliest mention of "Domlur" can be found in the Chokkanathaswamy Temple  13th century CE Tripurantaka Perumal Enbe Devar Tamil inscription, it mentions Domlur in the Tamil form as Tombalur, proving the existence of Domlur at least since the 13th century. The Karnataka State Gazateer, Part 1, 1990, records the discovery of an 8th-century Bhairava idol in Domlur by S R Rao, renowned Archaeologist of ASI in 1975. This suggests that Domlur may have held significance as a settlement even during that time. Unfortunately, neither the idol nor S R Rao's documentation concerning it can be traced today.

Discovery and dating
The inscriptions were first documented in the Epigraphia carnatica and later in successive archaeological reports and journals, Notably, R Narasimhachar in the Mysore Archaeological Report 1911 records that he found the Chokkanathaswamy temple in ruins, he undertook the excavation of its ruins, leading to the discovery of five inscriptions during that period. Subsequently, the temple was restored. However, details about the individuals or groups involved in the restoration, along with a timeline, are presently unavailable. A painting from 1947 exhibited within the temple premises depicts the temple in its previous state of disrepair, thereby indicating that temple was restored post 1947. The Epigraphia carnatica alone records 11 inscriptions found in the temple and 7 more are recorded in the Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. Most of the inscriptions are inscribed on temple walls and Pillars.

Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Inscription
It is a Tamil Inscription in the Grantha script dated to 20-Feb-1302CE and written in the reign of the Hoysala king Veera Ballala and is a donatory inscription commanded by the king to be standardised which includes loom tax, revenue, customs tax and other taxes to be given to the pooja, food and other offerings and all the taxes and the rights from the dry and wet lands of Domlur excepting the properties of god Somanatha deva to be given to the deity Chokka Perumal. This inscription is one among the other inscriptions in Madivala Someshwara, Gunjur Someshewara, Ivar Kandapura Dharmeshvara, Nandi Kamateshwara, Shivara Gangadareshwara and Dodda Kallahalli temples that was instructed by the Hoysala king Veera Ballala reviewing grants to many temples in the Bengaluru, Kolar region and instructed "standardised" inscriptions to be engraved in those temples. This inscription is mentioned in the Mysore Archeological Report 1911, However the exact text of the inscription has not been published. The Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society has documented and published this inscription.

Discovery and dating
Though the inscription was mentioned in the Mysore Archeological Report 1911, the text of the inscription had not been published. In April 2022, the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team identified the inscription in the temple and 3D scanned it. The inscription was subsequently read by Soundari Rajkumar & Pon Karthikeyan using the digital images produced from the scan. The (Roman calendar converted) date of writing of the inscription is 20 February 1302 CE.

Characteristics
The inscription is 19 cm tall and 1658 cm long, with characters 4.3 cm tall, 3.4 cm wide & 0.3 cm deep.

Transliteration
The inscription is written in three lines in the Grantha and Tamil scripts and Tamil language. The exact transliteration of the inscription in modern Tamil, Kannada & IAST are as follows (line numbers are not part of the original inscription, including them is a default practice with inscriptions).

Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century Singaperumal Nambiyar Inscription (Tamil)
It is a Tamil inscription in the Tamil Language and the characters are both in Tamil and Grantha and is paleographically dated to 16th century CE. It is a rather unique inscription recorded in the place as the text seems like a  personal note, it records that  a Singaperumal nambiyar had 15 vattam lands, of which, 5 nalayarar was given to Allappan and brothers as crop produce by Ragavar and Sokkappan. The Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society has documented and published this inscription.

Discovery and dating
In April 2022, the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team identified the inscription in the temple and 3D scanned it. The inscription was subsequently read by Soundari Rajkumar and Pon Karthikeyan using the digital images produced from the scan.

Characteristics
The inscription stone measures 16 cm high by 311 cm wide. while the characters are approximately 4.4 cm tall, 5.5 cm wide, and 0.3 cm deep.

Domlur 1328CE Kamanna Dandanayaka's Donation
It is an incomplete Kannada Inscription and a possible donatory inscription dated to 1328CE as recorded in the inscription itself. The inscription possibly records the donation by a Ponnanna's son Kamana Danayaka. The inscription is inscribed on the wall of the Chokkanathaswamy Temple. This inscription has been documented in Epigraphia carnatica Vol-9.

Physical Characteristics
The inscription is 21 cm tall and  229 cm wide and the Kannada Characters are 4 cm tall, 5 cm wide & 0.27 cm deep (medium depth).

Transliteration of the text
The transliteration is published in the Epigraphia carnatica, the text below is rereading published by the Mythic Society. It reads as follows,

Domlur 1409CE Nagappa Dandanayaka's Chokkanatha Temple Donation Inscription
It is a Kannada inscription of the 15th century written during the rule of the King Devaraya II of the Karnataka Empire. The inscription precisely mentions the date of the donation being made as "śakhavaruṣa sāvirada mūnnūṟa mūvattanĕya virodhi saṃvatsarada cayitra sudda5so" which is 21 Mar 1409CE in the Julian calendar.

It is a donatory inscription to the deity Chokkanathaswamy by a Nagappa Danayaka whose donation of revenue acquired from a multitude of taxes in Karadiyahalli (not traceable today, There is a possibility that this is Kodihalli which neighbours Domlur today). It mentions Domlur as Domanuru which belonged to the administrative unit of Yelahanka Naadu, one of the administrative units under the Karnataka Empire, Yelahanka Naadu was part of Kelekunda-300 which was in turn part of the bigger administrative unit Gangavaadi-96000.The purpose of this donation was to support the temple's daily pooja rituals and ceremonial offerings.

The significance of the inscription is in its mention of various taxes that were extant during the period, it lists many types of professional, sales and goods taxes that were contributed to the temple like Maggaderre (loom tax), Madu (tax on honey collectors or liquor makers), Bhadagi (tax on carpenters), Kamara (tax on blacksmiths), Aasaga (tax on washermen), Navinda (tax on barbers), Kumbhaara (tax on potters), Maadega (tax on cobblers), Kayigaana & Yettu Gaana (taxes on oil mills, human and ox-powered), Yettu (taxes on oxen), Tottu (taxes on slaves), Bandi (taxes on carts), Kudure Kuli Maarida Shunka (taxes on sale of horses and sheep), Kona (tax on male buffalo), Kuri (tax on sheep), Yemme (tax on female buffalo), Aale (tax on betel leaf or jaggery making), Adeke (tax on arecanut), Maraavali (unclear), Tota (tax on orchards), Tudike (tax on small parcels of land), Akkasale (tax on goldsmiths), Graamagala Olavarru & Horavaru (taxes on import and export goods, including sheep, buffalo, and horses).

Physical Characteristics
The inscription is inscribed on the temple wall and is 62 cm tall and 208 cm wide. The Kannada Characters are 4 cm tall, 4 cm wide & 0.16 cm deep (shallow depth).

Transliteration of the text
The transliteration is published in the Epigraphia carnatica. The text below is rereading published by the Mythic Society. It reads as follows,

Domlur 1440CE Malarasa's Donation Inscription
It is a Kannada inscription recording the donation of major taxes collected by a Hejjunka tax (major taxlevied on valuable commodities, animals, food grains etc.) officer, one Mallarasa, from villages within Dombalur's boundaries for purpose of morning food offerings to Chokkanathaswamy Temple. It was written during the rule of the King Devaraya II of the Karnataka Empire praying for the stability in the King's rule. The inscription mentions the date of donation as "śakhavaruṣa 1362 raūdri saṃvatsarada bhādrapada ba 7 so" which was Saturday, 17-Sep-1440CE in the Julian calendar. The text states that any individual who violates the grant will be cursed with the same fate as someone who kills a Kapile, an orange-brown sacred cow on the banks of river Ganga. There is also a standard curse in form of a Sanskrit shloka stating that protecting other's donation gives double the merit of protecting one's own donation. Also, anyone dishonouring the donation will be born as a worm and live for sixty thousand years. The inscription was first published in Epigraphia carnatica. Presently, the inscription stands in the left front courtyard of the temple.

Physical Characteristics
The inscription is 170 cm tall, 54 cm wide. The Kannada characters are 3.7 cm tall, 3.4 cm wide & 0.35 cm deep (shallow depth).

Transliteration of the text
The transliteration is published in the Epigraphia carnatica. The text below is rereading published by the Mythic Society. It reads as follows,

Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple North Wall 1302CE Veera Ballala Inscription
It is a Tamil Inscription in the Grantha script dated to 20-Feb-1302CE and written in the reign of the Hoysala king Veera Ballala and is a donatory inscription commanded by the king to be standardised which includes loom tax, revenue, customs tax and other taxes to be given to the pooja, food and other offerings and all the taxes and the rights from the dry and wet lands of Domlur excepting the properties of god Somanatha deva to be given to the deity Chokka Perumal. This inscription is one among the other inscriptions in Madivala Someshwara, Gunjur Someshewara, Ivar Kandapura Dharmeshvara, Nandi Kamateshwara, Shivara Gangadareshwara and Dodda Kallahalli temples that was instructed by the Hoysala king Veera Ballala reviewing grants to many temples in the Bengaluru-Kolar region and instructed "standardised" inscriptions to be engraved in those temples. This inscription is mentioned in the Mysore Archeological Report 1911, However the exact text of the inscription has not been published. The Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society has documented and published this inscription.

Physical Characteristics
The inscription is engraved on the temple wall and is 19 cm tall & 1658 cm wide. The Grantha characters are 3 cm tall, 3.4 cm wide & 0.3 cm deep.

Transliterations of the text
The text was published in Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society, the text reads as follows,

Translation
The text has been published in Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9. it reads as follows,

"Salutation ! In the reign of hoysala king Veera vallaala deva, As per the requests to the all the head of temples and monasteries of the Hesara kundani kingdom, virivi naadu, maasanthi naadu, murasu naadu, pennaiyandar mada naadu, Aimpuzhugur naadu, elavur naadu, kuvalaala naadu, kaaivaara naadu, ilaipakka naadu (Properties of chokka natha)

In kaliyuga year 3679, saka year 1224  margazhi month 22nd day, monday, all the taxes from the temple lands (devadana - shiva, thiruvidaiyattam - vishnu, pallichandam - buddhist and jain) including loom tax, revenue, customs tax and other taxes are to be given to the pooja, food and others offerings to the gods of the respective temples. In thombalur all the taxes and the rights from the dry and wet lands expect of the somanatha deva's properties are given to the chokka perumaal. It includes all the trees, wells, plots within the boundary of the land, with this revenue all the worships and renovations of the temple should be performed without any issues"

Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century CE Marappillai Suryappan Fragmented Left & Right Pillar Inscription
These are a set of 2 Tamil inscriptions engraved on two pillars in the Chokkanathaswamy Temple with the same text and is palaeographically dated to 16th-century. It mentions the two pillars as donated by a merchant Marappillai Suriyappan. The Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society has documented and published this inscription.

Physical Characteristics
The inscription is 54 cm tall & 43 cm wide. The Tamil characters are 2.5 cm tall, 2.6 cm wide & 0.25 cm deep.

Transliteration of the Text
The text is published in the Quarterly Journal of the Mythic society.

Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 16th-century CE Kammanan's Krishna Pillar Fragmented Inscription
It is a Tamil inscription in the same script dated paleographically to the 16th Century CE. It records the donation of the pillar by a Kaamanan, son of Vaduga Pillai. The pillar has sculptures of Nartana Krishna, Vishnu and Narasimha. The Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society has documented and published this inscription.

Physical Characteristics
The inscription is 43 cm tall & 40 cm wide. The Tamil characters are 2.0 cm tall, 2.5 cm wide & 0.25 cm deep.

Transliteration of the Text
The text is published in the Quarterly Journal of the Mythic society.

Domlur 13th-century Vira Ramanathan Pillar Inscription
It is an incomplete 13th century Tamil Inscription, the context cannot be deduced, "ilaiIapakka nattu Dombaluril Chokkappa Perumal Koyilil" are the only words that can be logically put which translates to "in ilaiIapakka nattu, in dombalur, in the temple of Chokkappa Perumal." It is the only inscription of all those documented in Domlur that is not within the precincts of the Chokkanathaswamy temple. It was first documented and published in the Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society.

Physical Characteristics
The inscription is 120 cm tall & 135 cm wide. The Tamil Characters are 6.6 cm tall, 7.8 cm wide & 0.4 cm deep.

Transliteration of the Text
The text is published in the Quarterly Journal of the Mythic society.

Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 13th Century CE Alagiyar Inscription
It is an incomplete Tamil inscription of the 13th century in the Grantha script which is a donatory inscription which records the donation of two door posts made by an Alagiyar to the temple of Sokkapperumal (Chokkanathaswamy Temple). It was published in Volume 9 of Epigraphia carnatica.

Transliteration in English
The text of transliteration English has been published in Epigraphia carnatica.

"Sokkaperummal ko...kkan....peril....nninen Alagiyar inda-ttiru-nilai-kal irandum ivan tanma."

Translation
The text of Translation English has been published in Epigraphia carnatica.

"I, Alagiyar, made in the name of the temple of Sokkapperurnal, These two door-posts are his charity."

Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 1266CE Talaikkatu Iravi Tripurantaka Settiyar Inscription
It is a Tamil inscription in Grantha characters of 1266CE and a donatory inscription to the god Tripurantaka Perumal by a Talaikkatu Iravi Tripurantaka Settiyar of Tombalur who had constructed the temple to the god Tripurantaka Perumal earlier and donated the wet and dry lands with four boundaries in the village of Jalappalli, the tank at Vinnamangalam and certain other lands below the big tank of Tombalur and gave it to the holder of the temple, one Allala Nambiyar to conduct daily worship and also donated land to Tripurantaka Perumal Achariyan, gave him the right of officiating at consecration of the same temple, and gave him lands, for meeting the expenses of repairs to the temple. 'Tombalur' as mentioned in the inscription is the tamilised form of Domlur and also mentions another name of Domlur as 'desimanickapattanam', Domlur lake mentioned in the inscription might be the land where the TERI building exists today. The text of the same inscription as documented in the Epigraphia carnatica continues further with the text of another possibly unrelated inscription, a donatory inscription by an Allala Nambiyar who made a gift of one-third of his land to Tombalur Savari Perumal Nambiyar.

Transliteration of the text in modern English
The text of the transliteration is published in Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9. The text reads as follows,

"Svasti Sri Sakarai-yandu ayirattu-oru-noorenbadu senra Kshaya-varushattu Sittirai-inadam padinelindiyadi Aditya Hastattu nal Rajendra-Sola-vala-nattu, Ilaippakka-nattu Tombalur ana Desimanikkapattinattu Talaikkattu Yiravi Tripurantaka-settiyarum Parpati-settichchiyarum Nambi Yiravi-settiyarkum Srideviyakkanukkum yi-vanstttil ullarkum punaravrittiy-illamaikkum Tribhuvanamalla Vembi-devarkum yivar varnattil ullarkum tolukkum vajukkum nanr-agavum tiruv-iradanah-gond-aruluvad-aga i-Tripurantaka-settiyar tiru-pratishthai-pannin a nayanar Tripurantakapperumalukku-ttirunamattu-kkaniy-aga vitta Jalappalli nansey punsey nay-pal-ellaiyum Vinnamangalatt-eriyum Torabalur periya yeriyd kalini panniru-kandagamum i-kkovil kaniyalan Iramapiran Allala-nambiyarukku archana-vrtti Vanniyakatta mariyadi-kuduttu kandaga-kolaiyum kuduttu Talai Sankarappariyan Tillai nayagan marumagan Manali Tripurantaka-pperumal-asariyar ivanukku i-ttiru-murram iidaki-prananam aga kshetrara-kudutten pratishthasarimaiyum periy-eri-kil-ppsanam koiai vilaiya aru-kandaga-kkalaniyun-gaudaga-kkollaiyum raajrura ullanavum puduppanikke tiruppadigal opadi kuli idavum ivan makkal makkal santraditya-varai sella kudutten Manali Tripurantaka-perumal-asarikku i-kkoyilir-kaniyalan Kundaaiyir-Kaduvanudaiyan Suriyan Sambandarukku Sanduppatti kalani iru-kandagamum. . . ndalinpatti yiru-kandagamura Uvachchapatti kandagamum eraberuman adiyarku ivv-eriyil kalani aru-kandagam idil terkku kalani kandagamum Sokkaperumal Manikkattukku kandagam i-nnayanar tirumadaivilagamum sannadi-teruvumaga peri-eriyil kalani muppadin-kan. . . . . . . kkaraiyil kurar-pasuvaiyum Piramanaraiyum konra papatte kallum Kaveriyum pullum pumiyura ulladanaiyum Brahma-karppam ulladanaiyum vishthaiyille krimiy-ay senikkakadavvakkal

Allala-nambiyar Tombalur ennudaiya kaniyil Savaripperuraal-nambiyarukku danam aga munrattonru kudutten".

Translation
The text of the translation is published in Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9 and it reads as follows,

“(On the date specified), I, Talaikkatu Iravi Tripurantaka Settiyar of Tombalur, alias Tesimanikka-pattanam in Ilaippakka-nattu of Rajendra-Sola-vala-nadu, along with (my wife) Parpatisettichchiyar, granted, as tax-free temple property, for the god Tripurantaka-pperumal, set up by myself, — so that he might be worshipped to save from re-birth Nambi Iravi-settiyar, (his wife) Srideviyakka and their descendants, and for victory to the arm and sword of Tribhuvanamalla Vembi-deva and his descendants, the wet and dry lands with their four boundaries in the village of Jalappalli, tlie tank at Vinnamangalam and certain other lands (specified) below the big tank of Tombalur, and made them over, along with some other lands (specified), to the holder of the temple land, Irama-piran Allala-nambiyar, for conducting the worship. I also gave over, with pouring of water, the charge of this temple to Talai Sankarappachariyan Tillainayagan's nephew Manali Tripurantaka-pperumal-achariyan, granted him the right of officiating at consecration, and gave him, for meeting the expenses of repairs to the temple, certain lands (specified) to descend to his sons and grandsons for as long as the moon and the sun exist. Further, I granted certain lands (specified in each case) to the holder of the temple land, Kaduvanudaiyan Suriyan Sambandar, to the temple servants and to Sokkapperumal Manikkam. . . . . . . ..

(Those who violate this charity) shall incur the sin of having slaughtered tawny cows and Brahmans on the banks (of the Ganges), and shall be born worms in ordure for as long as the rocks, the Kaveri, the grass and the earth endure, and the Brahma-kalpa lasts.

I, Allaja-nambiyar, made a gift of one-third of my land in Tombalur to Savari-pperumal-nambiyar".

Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 1290CE Sella Pillai Inscription
It is a Tamil inscription in Grantha characters of 1290CE and a donatory inscription which was made by the Hoysala King Veera Ramanada Deva (Veera Ramanatha Deva) to the Chokkanathaswamy Temple on the petition of the residents of Ilaipakka Nadu, a Sella Pillai, the temple-manager Nalandigal Narayana Tadar and other people as the funds were insufficient for the temple management, the king ordered a part of the tax collected by Tombalur given to the temple itself. The Ilaipakka Naadu as mentioned in the inscription was an administrative unit, which presently corresponds to Yelahanka located in North Bengaluru. The inscription is published in the Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9, the present status of the inscription remains unknown.

Transliteration of the text in modern Tamil
The transliteration of the inscription is published in the Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9. The text reads as follows,

"svasti . . . . . .ysala-vira-Ramanada-Devarku yandu muppattu-aravadu Arpasi-madam padina. .... tiyadi Ilaippakka-nattu-nattavarum Kanda-chchettiyarum Nam. . . . . . .rum adikari Sellappillaiyum devar sibarittai Tombalur Sokkappe. . . . .kku tirunal-alivukku porad-enru vinnappanyya i-kovilil kkariyan-jeyar Nalandigal Narayana-tadar vinnappan-jeya devarum Tomb. . . r irukkum ponl mudalil pattu ponl mudalil vitten vira-Iramanada-Devarena yi-ttanmatai alivu-seydar undagi Gengai-kkaraiyil kura-ppasuvai konran pavatte pugakadavargal"

Translation
The translation of the inscription is published in the Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9. The text reads as follows,

"In the 36th year of the reign of Poysala vira-Ramanada-Devar, On a petition being made by the inhabitants of Ilaippakka-nadu, the officer Sella-pillai, the temple-manager Nalandigal Narayana-tadar and some others (named), to the effect that the provision made for the expenses for festivals of the god Sokkapperumal of Tombalur is inadequate, the king remitted (on the date specified) 10 pon out of the amount that was being paid by (the village of) Tombalur. Usual final imprecatory sentence."

Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 14th Century CE Panchala Inscription
It is a mostly incomplete Tamil inscription in Grantha characters of the carpenters and Panchalas (craftsmen) made in front of the deity Chokkanathaswamy, it is published in Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9, the present status of the inscription remains unknown.

Transliteration of the text in modern Tamil
The transliteration of the inscription is published in the Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9. The text reads as follows,

"svasti sri upajivana-katrinam samasta-vrita-vasinam arkkasalam paran-daivam baudyame daiva-sasanam sadhanam rathakaranam etat trailokya-bhushanara samasta-va. . . . . . .ttarum samasta-panchalattarum Sokkapperumal tiru-munbe kuraiv-ara-kkudi sthira-sasanam-panninapadi nadugalil."

Translation
The translation of the inscription is published in the Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9. The text reads as follows,

"This is the Daiva-sasana of the followers of different callings. This edict of the carpenters is the ornament of the three worlds. . . . . ..

The following is the permanent agreement made by all the Panchalas who had assembled, without a vacancy the assembly, in front of the god Sokkapperumal,  In the nadus. . . . . . . "

Domlur Chokkanathaswamy Temple 13th Century CE Talaikkatu Iravi Tripurantaka Settiyar Lamp Inscription
It is a Tamil inscription in Grantha characters of the 13th Century CE which records a donation of money for two lamps made by a Talaikkatu Iravi Tripurantaka Settiyar to the Chokkanathaswamy Temple. It is published in Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9, the present status of the inscription remains unknown.

Transliteration of the text in modern Tamil
The transliteration of the inscription is published in the Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9. The text reads as follows,

"svasti sri Irajaraja-Sola-vala-nattu llaippakka-nattu Tombalur ana Desimanikkapatanattu Tiripurantaka-pperumal Embe-devar kattina kattupadi iratti-madattuku tiru-vilaku pana 5"

Translation
The translation of the inscription is published in the Epigraphia carnatica Volume 9. The text reads as follows,

"According to the stipulation made by Tripurantaka-perumal Enbe devar of Tombalur, alias Tesimanikka-pattanam, of Ilaippakka-nadu in Irajaraja-Sola-vala-nadu, five panams (are sanctioned) for lamps for two months."