Dorothea Klumpke

Dorothea Klumpke Roberts (August 9, 1861 in San Francisco – October 5, 1942 in San Francisco) was an American astronomer. She was the Director of the Bureau of Measurements at the Paris Observatory and was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur, or a Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honor.

Biography
Roberts' father, John Gerard Klumpke (1825-1917), was a German immigrant who came to California in 1850 with the Gold Rush and later became a successful realtor in San Francisco. He married Dorothea Mathilda Tolle in 1855, and the couple had five daughters and two sons. Her sisters included Anna Elizabeth Klumpke, painter and companion to the French animal painter Rosa Bonheur; Julia Klumpke, a violinist and composer; Mathilda, an accomplished pianist and pupil of Marmontel; and the neurologist Augusta, who, with her physician husband, Joseph Jules Dejerine, established a clinic and wrote numerous papers.

In 1877, Klumpke moved to Paris, France, while her four sisters attended schools in Germany and Switzerland. She studied at the University of Paris. She began by studying music, but later turned to astronomy. She earned her bachelor's degree in 1886 and her PhD in 1893, with her dissertation focusing on the rings of Saturn. In 1887, she began working at the Paris Observatory alongside Guillaume Bigourdan and Lipót Schulhof, and later astrophotographers Paul and Prosper Henry. Her work consisted of measuring star positions, processing astrophotographs, and studying stellar spectra and meteorites.

Work
In 1886, Sir David Gill proposed an atlas of the heavens. The idea received enthusiastic support, especially from the Director of the Paris Observatory, Admiral Amédée Mouchez, who suggested an international meeting in Paris. This led to the Carte du Ciel project, which required photographing the entire sky and showing stars as faint as the 14th magnitude. The Paris Observatory was to do a major portion of the sky as its contribution. It was also envisioned that a catalogue of all the stars to the 11th magnitude be drawn up.

Klumpke was appointed the Director of the Bureau of Measurements (Bureau des Mesures) at the Paris Observatory, a position she held for a decade. She supervised several other women scientists during this time.

In 1896, she sailed to Norway on the Norwegian vessel Norse King, to observe the solar eclipse of August 9, 1896. There, she became acquainted with Dr. Isaac Roberts, a 67-year-old Welsh widower, entrepreneur, and astronomer, who had become a pioneer in astrophotography. He had also attended the Paris Carte du Ciel Congress.

In 1899, astronomers had predicted a great meteor shower now known as the Leonids. The French chose Klumpke to be the one to ride in a balloon to observe the shower. The shower turned out to be a complete failure.

In 1901, Dorothea Klumpke and Isaac Roberts were married and moved to his home in Sussex, England. Roberts left her job at the Paris Observatory to be with her husband, whom she assisted in a project to photograph all 52 of the Herschel "areas of nebulosity." Their marriage lasted until Isaac's death in 1904. Roberts inherited all his astronomical effects and a considerable fortune.

Roberts remained at the Sussex home and completed her photography of the 52 areas, after which she went to stay with her mother and sister Anna at Chateau Rosa Bonheur, taking along the entire set of photographic plates. She returned to Paris Observatory and spent 25 years processing the plates and her husband’s notes, periodically publishing papers on the results. In 1929, she published a comprehensive catalogue of the survey The Isaac Roberts Atlas of 52 Regions, a Guide to William Herschel's Fields of Nebulosity. She was awarded the Hèléne-Paul Helbronner prize in 1932 from the French Academy of Sciences for this publication.

Through a donation of Roberts in honor of her late husband, the Société astronomique de France (the French Astronomical Society) established the Prix Dorothea Klumpke-Isaac Roberts (Klumpke-Roberts Award) for the encouragement of the study of the wide and diffuse nebulae of William Herschel, the obscure objects of Barnard, or the cosmic clouds of R.P. Hagen. This biennial prize was first given in 1931 and is still awarded today.

Dorothea Klumpke Roberts died on October 5, 1942, having been in poor health for a number of years.

About signals from Mars
"The body of Mars is not very luminous, and the eye has to be trained. Imagination must not be permitted to carry the eye away. The astronomers at Arizona Observatory are very advanced, and imagination may have played a part, though Mars should be the first planet with which we shall be able to communicate. Mars will be the first to give us true knowledge of life beyond the earth, as it was the first to lead Keppler to the truth about the solar system. The projections are astronomical phenomena, not signals from the inhabitants. Mars is doubtless inhabited by a superior race, and I see probability in Kant's theory that we may be transmitted to another planet for another life."

Honors
She was the first recipient of the "Prix de Dames" from the Société astronomique de France in 1897, and in 1893 was made an Officier d'Académe of the French Academy of Sciences - up to that time, these honors had not been awarded to a woman. On December 14, 1893, she read her doctoral thesis, L'étude des Anneaux de Saturne to a large audience of academics at the Sorbonne, and was awarded the degree of Docteur ès Sciences; the first woman to do so. Her main subjects were mathematics and mathematical astronomy. The examining committee, composed of Dr. Jean Gaston Darboux and Drs. Félix Tisserand and Marie Henri Andoyer were unanimous in their praise. By contrast, Harvard awarded its first doctorate in astronomy to Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin in 1925.

On February 22, 1934, she was elected a Chevalière de la Légion d'Honneur with the French President presenting the Cross. Shortly after the award, she and Anna moved to San Francisco where she spent the rest of her days. She made endowments to the Paris Observatory, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, and the University of California to be granted to aspiring astronomers.

Asteroids 339 Dorothea and 1040 Klumpkea were named in her honour, as is the Klumpke-Roberts Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.