Draft:‘Issam al-Khawlani

Issam al-Khawlani (عصام الخولاني;), was an Arab Umayyad commander and governor who led Muslim forces against the Balearic Islands. Issam al-Khawlaní was a significant figure in the early 10th century, known for his role in the Arab conquest of the Balearic Islands, particularly Mallorca. Originating from Yemen, he was a prominent Muslim leader under the Umayyad dynasty. His journey to prominence began with a pilgrimage to Mecca, during which a storm diverted his fleet to Mallorca. Recognizing the strategic importance of the island, he proposed its conquest to the Emir of Córdoba​.

In 902-903, Issam al-Khawlaní successfully led the conquest of Mallorca. Following the conquest, he was appointed as the governor (valí) of the island. He initiated significant urban development, including the reconstruction of Palma, which he renamed Madina Mayurqa. Under his administration, the city saw the construction of mosques, public baths, and the Almudaina palace. These efforts not only fortified the city's defenses but also boosted its economic and cultural significance in the Mediterranean region​.

Issam al-Khawlaní's tenure as governor lasted until around 913, after which his son, Abd-Allah ibn Issam al-Khawlaní, succeeded him. The legacy of Issam's rule is evident in the lasting impact on the region's infrastructure and cultural landscape​