Draft:Barbara Klein

Barbara Klein (born December 7, 1945) is an American author, researcher and educational consultant who specialises in twin attachment and development. Klein's field of research also includes, genetics and the environment (see also, nature versus nurture), parenting, intellectual giftedness in children and counselling and therapeutic psychology.

Klein is recognised for her research in twins, informing and giving guidance to parents navigating their children's development. Klein's most recent book New Understandings of Twin Relationships: From Harmony to Estrangement and Loneliness, co-authored with Stephen A. Hart and Jacqueline M. Martinez, was published in December 2020.

Education
Klein achieved a Masters of Education and Doctorate in Education in Early Childhood Education from the University of Southern California. Her doctorate thesis entitled 'Similarities and Differences between Six-Year-Old Identical and Fraternal Twins and Their Parents on Measures of Locus of Control and Moral Development ' was originally submitted in June 1982 and published in 1987. Klein also earned a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the California Graduate Institute in Los Angeles, and as a postdoctoral fellow Klein (known then as Barbara Schave) conducted research on the bond between twins, alongside Janet Ciriello.

Career
Klein, known then by her marital surname Schave, began working as a psychological assistant in late 1986. Klein's supervisor was Douglas Jay Schave, M.D. who was practicing as a private psychiatrist, since 1975, in Los Angeles, California. Klein and Schave married in 1986. In March 2001, Klein was the subject of disciplinary action accused of gross negligence. As explained in the State of California's Board of Psychology (Department of Consumer Affairs) accusation document, Klein "falsely referred to herself as a licensed clinical psychologist" in a particular patient's case. The Board also write that Klein "received referrals and treated patients without her supervisor's knowledge" and that there was a conflict of interest because Schave should not have been supervising Klein after they were married. As a result of this action, Klein agreed to have her registered licence as a psychological assistant surrendered effective February 16th 2003. Klein currently works as a private consultant in the field of education, particularly related to twins and development. She is a regular contributing writer to the psychological magazine Psychology Today. Klein is on the advisory board for The Knox School of Santa Barbara and provides IQ Testing and evaluations as part of the admissions process for the school.

1980s
Klein's (then known as Barbara Schave) first book was co-authored with Janet Ciriello in 1983. 'Identity and Intimacy in Twins ' reviewed research on the child development and psychoanalysis of twins, and also gathered first-hand accounts of adult twins. Cirello and Klein aimed that the book might help mental health professionals to better understand twins as clients. From their study, the authors found that twins have six distinct bonding patterns, and Klein explained in a 1984 interview with The Los Angeles Times that a competitive identity bond was the healthiest type because "competitive twins aren't hostile (toward each other), but they want to have their own 'space' and boundaries." To discuss their findings, Ciriello and Klein appeared on an episode of KPIX's People Are Talking on 2 December 1983.

In 1984, Curriculum Design: A Handbook for Educators was published written by Kathleen M. Wulf and Barbara Schave (Klein). The book intended to be a practical guide for instructional planning for educators including: selecting content, goals and objectives, and generating and organising appropriate learning opportunities. Klein (as Schave) co-authored another educational and teaching book in 1985, with John D. McNeil called Issues in School Reform: A View from the Bottom-up.

Early Adolescence and the Search for Self: A Developmental Perspective published in 1989 was co-authored by Klein (as Schave) and Douglas Schave. The book explores development of children to adolescence, focusing on emotional awareness, the parental role in self-development, and the idea that adolescence could be considered as a distinct psychological period. In a 1990 review of the book for The International Review of Psycho-Analysis, Robert Gluckman writes "what makes the book particularly interesting is its uniqueness in dividing adolescence into just two stages, early adolescence and adolescence proper."

1990s
Klein (as Schave) wrote a book, Forgotten Memories: A Journey Out of the Darkness of Sexual Abuse (1993), exploring the impact of sexual abuse and psychoanalysis to work with survivors, and she also reflects on her own experiences. Brian M. Robertson reviewed the book for the Psychoanalytic Quarterly in 1997, describing the book as "a personal account of her own struggles to come to terms with her past as an adult survivor of childhood sexual abuse" and linked it to the work of Judith Herman. Colleen Clark, in Sex Roles in 1997, said that "the one chapter that deals specifically with treatment issues for sexual abuse survivors is insightful, but offers little that is new to the field". Clark goes on to write that "Schave's articulate intelligence and ability to understand her recovery and growth processes as a client and as a psychologist" are valuable but argues it would have been "strengthened by a more chronological approach." LeRoy G. Shultz, former Professor of Social Work at West Virginia University, criticised Schave's explanations about her own therapy, education and said "this book provides little useful information to professionals."

2000s
Not All Twins Are Alike: Psychological Profiles of Twinship was published in 2003, and Klein explores the development of twins and argues for the importance of raising twins as individuals by parents. For the book, Klein carried out in-depth interviews with thirty pairs of adult twins aged from 35 to 88 years, both non-identical and identical. The foreword for the book was written by Klein's twin sister Marjorie Ford. In a 2003 review for Twin Research and Human Genetics, Susan Treloar said that "Dr Klein, contentiously, places the major and overriding responsibility for the happiness and adjustment of adult twins fairly and squarely with their mothers." However, Treloar doubted "whether the book will appeal to twins generally and their parents" further saying "it is not a very “enjoyable” read."

In 2006 Klein's book Raising Gifted Kids: Everything You Need to Know to Help Your Exceptional Child Thrive was published. The book aimed to help parents understand and cope with raising a gifted child. Professor Lynn A. Scott, UCLA School of Law, wrote that the book was "a must-have for every parent who wants to help their child reach his or her potential." John Sutton, Ed.D., then Executive Coordinator UCLA Academic Preparation & Educational Partnerships Programs said Klein argued that "perfectionist and negligent parenting styles will have destructive effects on the children's development."

2010s
The Challenges of Gifted Children: Empowering Parents to Maximize Their Child's Potential by Klein was published in 2015. The book provides a theoretical understanding of intellectual giftedness in children, focusing on the parent-child relationship and provides support for educators.

In 2012, Alone in the Mirror: Twins in Therapy was published, written by Klein. The book explores the myths and misconceptions about twins in popular culture and scientific research, and, through the lens of attachment theory, discusses how to approach psychotherapy with twins as individuals. Vivienne Lewin, from the British Psychotherapy Foundation, said "This book offers a lucid account of the draw, tightness, and turbulence of a twin relationship. It is filled with case histories that provide a rich tapestry illustrating the deep internal dynamics of the twin relationship." In his review, John D. McNeil, former Professor Emeritus of Education and Information Studies at UCLA wrote "Alone in the Mirror is not only unique in its comprehensiveness --- presenting scientific content together with its relevance for professional practitioners, for twins as well as their loved ones, for associates and those seeking enlightenment about the world of twins --- it is written as a humanity illuminating central problems of life and death and responding to them in inspiring ways."

Twin Dilemmas: Changing Relationships Throughout the Life Span was published in 2017 and written by Klein.

Personal Life
Klein was born on 7 December, 1945 in Los Angeles, California. She has an older brother, Alan Klein, and an identical twin sister, Marjorie. The family resided in Los Angeles, and Klein and her siblings attended Rosewood Avenue Elementary School in West Hollywood. Klein has written about her brother, Alan, being a gifted child and attending special classes at the school, as a result. . Klein's twin sister, Marjorie Ford, is an author and former lecturer at Stanford University from 1986 to 2012, including the Program in Writing and Rhetoric. A notable publication by Ford is Dreams and Inward Journeys: A Rhetoric and Reader for Writers (1990).

Klein married author and psychologist Douglas Schave in 1986 and together they co-authored the book Early Adolescence and the Search for Self: A Developmental Perspective in 1989. They divorced in 1994 and have two children together, Richard and Elizabeth.

Klein resides in Los Angeles, California with her second husband Paul Macirowski.