Draft:Chinese Moro mestizo

Chinese Moro mestizo is a subgroup of Sangley.

Background
The Chinese Moro mestizos are of paternal Han Chinese descent who married Moro Muslim women from Tausug, Sama and Maguindanaon ethnicities. They are not descendants of Hui Muslims. The Moros did not follow Sharia prohibitions on marriage of Muslim women to non-Muslims. So, Han Chinese men from the Straits Settlements and the Chinese mainland migrated to Mindanao (and the islands of Sulu) and founded families. These mestizos celebrated Chinese New Year and Chinese holidays including ones of pagan origin and practice Han cultural taboos; like the taboo against patrilineal cousin marriage. Hui in China practice marriage of patrilineal cousins of the same surname to each other, which the Han-descended Chinese Moro mestizos do not. Observant Hui Muslims also do not practice Chinese pagan holidays. The Han men continued practicing their own pagan religions and holidays when married to Moro Muslim women. As late as the 1970s, Professor Samuel Kong Tan said among the Chinese and Moros of Sulu, it was still normal for non-Muslim men to marry Muslim women. Non-Muslim Han Chinese in the Moro Sultanates have historically joined the Moro Muslims in fighting against the Spanish and the Japanese.

The Han who became part of the Chinese-Moro mestizo community are mostly of Minnan background, either directly from southern Fujian like Xiamen (Amoy) or the Peranakans who are descendants of Minnan speaking Han men and Malay women, with a small minority of them being descendants of other Han like one northern Han family who married into the Tausug. Some Han of either Hakka or Cantonese background in Sabah, Borneo married Tausug women there before World War II ended.

Famous Chinese Moro mestizos include Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) leader Desdemona Abubakar Tan, her sisters Eleonora Rohaida Tan, Zenaida Tan and brothers Rauf and Daniel whose father Tuchay Tan was a Chinese mestizo with a non-Muslim Buddhist Han father and a Muslim Tausug Moro mother. Desdemona's mother Maimona Abubakar was of Arab descent. The family practiced both Chinese holidays and Ramadan and had a Buddhist shrine in the house for the grandfather. Other famous Chinese Moro mestizos include Konglam Teo and Saituan Tan who led Moro Muslim guerillas in fighting the Japanese, Desdemona's friend Madge Kho, Gumbay Piang and his father Datu Piang, the son of a non-Muslim Han father from Xiamen (Amoy) and a Maguindanao Moro Muslim mother, Samuel Kong Tan whose paternal family is one of the Tan families and his mother was a daughter of the non-Muslim Chinese man Kong Bu Wa from Xiamen (Amoy) and his Moro Tausug Muslim wife Latia Jaham, Sulu governor Absudakur Tan and his children Samier Tan, Shernee Tan and Sakur Tan who are of paternal Straits Chinese Peranakan descent from Malaya and Singapore with maternal Tausug ancestry.

Samuel Kong Tan wrote an article about the families descended from non-Muslim Chinese men who mixed with Tausug Moro Muslim people like his ancestor Latia Jaham, "The Tans and Kongs of Sulu: An Analysis into the Nature and Extent of Chinese Integration in Sulu Society". Madaris, private schoools and public schools were attended by Chinese children in Sulu.

The Chinese families among the Tausug include the Kho, Lim, Teo, Kong and multiple families with the surname Tan, including the family of Tuchay Tan and Hadji Suug Tan. These families maintain the Chinese practice of not permitting marriages in the same paternal families with the same surname, and even though the Tans are multiple families, they still adhere to the rule of avoiding marriage to each other believing they were related far in the past. Eleonora or Leonora (Chinese Hokkien name: So Guat) and Desdemona were among the daughters of Tuchay Tan. The Abubakar family of Jolo are part Arab part Tausug and the woman Maimona Abubakar married the Chinese Tuchay Tan of the Kia Tan family of Siasi. The Chinese mestizo businessman and politician Tuchay Tan had a Chinese father and Tausug mother and he practiced Islam. His wife, Maimona Abubakar was a "pure Muslim". Tuchay Tan also had a son, Ping Hong.

A bookstore in Jolo named Serendipity was owned by Eleonora Rohaida (Roida) Tan. Mao Zedong's picture was in the bookstore. Desdemona was advised to go to Jolo by Professor Cesar Majul and to leave Manila during martial law. Zenaida was the youngest sister of Desdemonna and Roida was the eldest. Their father Tuchay Tan was involved in bulk oil distribution, gas stations, trade and pawn shops.

Desdemona Tan's father was a rich Chinese businessman, Tuchay Tan and she was called "mother of Bangsamoro jihad fi-sabilillah" by the MNLF. According to Hsiao Shi-ching, Tuchay Tan's Chinese name was written as (陳豬屎).

Tan So Guat, 陳素月 (Chen Suyue) is the Chinese name of Eleonora (Leonora) Rohaida "Roida" Tan. Other Chinese in the Philippines also use the Hokkien name So Guat.

Eleonora Rohaida Tan and Desdemona Abubakar Tan helped lead the Paambuuk student group in Jolo under Misuari when they formed the MNLF, which originally negotiated with the communists for a united front against the Philippine government. The original plans for rebellion involved Libya supplying rifles along with Adnan Khashoggi also supplying rifles to the Moros, who were to be led by a group of Moros including the Tausug Suluk chief minister of Sabah in Malaysia, Tun Mustapha Harun, Nur Misuari and the Lanao based Sultan Lucman. However the 1971 Indo Pakistani war caused the weapons shipment to be delayed in Karachi and when it finally came to Sabah in 1972, Hashim and Misuari were accused by Lucman of betraying him and his BLMO group. The Libyans decided to directly support the younger revolutionary leaders of the MNLF under Misuari and Hashim over the traditionalist Moro Sultan Lucman. In the original plan agreed upon by Misuari, Sultan Lucman and Tun Mustapha Harun, Tun Mustapha Harun wanted to rule a Tausug state encompassing all of Sabah, Sulu, Palawan and Mindanao after rebellion against both Malaysia and the Philippines but the delayed weapons shipment ended his plan, and Misuari ended up not taking up arms against Malaysia at this time and instead received support from them. Nur Misuari was repeatedly accused of being a Communist by both the Philippine state under Marcos and by rival Moros like the founders of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front due to his history with Marxists at University of the Philippines, but Misuari rejected the accusations. Malaysia also later ended its support for Misuari and MNLF after pressure from the Philippines and Malaysia finding out about the Tausug leader Tun Mustapha Harun's plan to secede Sabah from Malaysia.

Desdemona Tan married Nur Misuari

Shernee Tan is a member of the Kusug Tausug party. Nur Misuari met with Abdusakur Tan in 2012 discussing potential for another war against the Philipinnes if the MNLF demands were not met. He also met with him in 2004. Samier Tan, Shernee Tan-Tambut and Sakur Tan II are the children of Abdusakur Tan and all are involved in politics in Sulu.

Habib Tupay Loong, the 1st district Congressman in Sulu, said that the Arabs and Chinese were the only foreigners in Sulu who did not attack the Moros.

Sulu 1st district Congressman Habib Tupay Loong, said “As a proof to that, a long time ago Sulu has been populated by a Chinese minority, and they are the ones who introduced business into our area. We learned doing business through the Chinese. In Sulu, for example, a lot of the Chinese became rich, “Even in barter trading, it is between Tausugs, Chinese, and Malaysians,There are only two types of foreigners who went to Sulu who did not wage war against the Moros – it is the Chinese and the Arabs, the Chinese entered Sulu through business ventures.”

Desdemona Abubakar Tan's younger sister Hajja Zenaida Tan Lim wrote an article in 2001 about their family, mentioning a Buddhist shrine in their home that was kept by their non-Muslim Chinese paternal grandfather and how the family celebrated both Islamic holidays and Chinese holidays. Their mother was Arab and their father was a "Chinese-mestizo", his own father was a non-Muslim Chinese while his mother was a Muslim Tausug Moro. The sisters went to Catholic school and Zenaida led the Zamboanga city based Sarang Bangun foundation (dedicated after Desdemona). War widows and orphan children are the beneficiaries of the Sarang Bangun Foundation NGO.

Edward Iblah Lim is the husband of Zenaida Tan Lim. His name was also given as Edward Zayed Lim.

The assimilation and intermarriages between the local Muslim Moro Tausug and Sama in Sulu and the Han Chinese immigrants, in contrast to Chinese living in Filipino Catholic areas, was facilitated by the good relations throughout history between China and Sulu.

The Chinese mestizo descendants of Han Chinese men and Moro Muslim Tausug and Sama women are integrating and dissolving into the Tausug and Sama population as they lose practice of Chinese culture except celebrating some festivals and their Chinese names.

A non-Muslim Chinese man named Kong Bu Wa came from Amoy in China to Siasi and married a Tausug Moro Muslim woman named Latia Jaham from the native landowning elite and fathered 10 sons and a daughter with her, who married a member of the Tan family, forming the Kong Tan. Latia Jaham was a pure Tausug Moro and she could marry a non-Muslim Chinese man because all the Moros except the Maranao allowed their people to marry non-Muslims like the Chinese regardless of gender for hundreds of years despite it being against Islamic rules. Kong Bu Wa had three other daughters from his first Chinese wife who lived in China Chinese women almost never came to the Philippines so Chinese men like Kong Bu Wa married local native women like Moro Tausug Muslims and the children of the non-Muslim Chinese men and Tausug-Sama Muslim Moro women assimilated to various degrees, some maintaining Chinese cultural aspects while others practicing Tausug-Sama culture only.

Kong Bu Wa was skilled in fighting with a Chinese bladed sword like the Angkun or barung used by the Tausug. There are also multiple mixed Chinese Tan families in Tausug society. One of Kong Bu Wa's sons, Kim Hin took charge of the family when Latia Jaham had dementia. He could name his relative's children and achieved the rank of tauke due to the vast amount of lands and wealthy he held including his inherited farm in Malanta.

In 1908 Kong Bu Wa fought off a robbery attempt at his store by the Sama pirate Jikiri in hand to hand fighting, leaving a scar on Kong's face. Samuel Kong Tan was descended from this family.

Samuel Kong Tan died on 30 December 2022 of COVID-19.

Since at least 1790 Jolo city in Sulu has a Chinese temple for Pun Thao Kong is found.

Filipino Christian settlers were massacred by Moros under Djimbanan, his brother Datu Ali and Datu Piang in September and December 1899. Only the Chinese were not harmed. https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&brand=ucpress&anchor.id=bkd0e1474 https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e1343&brand=ucpress  https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1381;doc.view=print  https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1343&brand=ucpress  https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1381&toc.depth=100&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&chunk.id=d0e1317&toc.id=&brand=ucpress https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1343&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1343;doc.view=print https://m.facebook.com/BangsamoroHistory/photos/datu-piangthe-first-and-most-influential-of-the-colonial-datus-of-cotabato-was-d/987753301322605/  https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1317&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol? https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=d0e1317;doc.view=print https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0199n64c;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print  https://m.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/permalink/1501130579899593/  https://www.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/posts/1501130579899593/?comment_id=1503358083010176  https://www.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/posts/1501130579899593/?comment_id=3201918103154157  https://m.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/?view=permalink&id=1501130579899593https://he-il.facebook.com/groups/360788717267124/permalink/1501130579899593/  https://www.scribd.com/doc/86552634/Muslim-Rulers-and-Rebels

An Urdu speaking Afghan named Sharif Muhammad Afdal lived in Mindanao and helped advise Datu Piang. Sharif Muhammad Afdal helped the US try to convince Moros to cooperate during the Us war against the Moros. Serial set (no.4001-4500)

"The Moros then looted the town, although apparently the Chinese residents, with whom they were always friendly, were not molested - only the Filipinos"

The Americans initiated a homestead system and encouraged settlers with lobbying by corporate interest groups eager for plantations by heavy political opposition by anti-imperialists led to restrictions on the amount of land acquired per person.

A US military report mentioned "Sah Bee, a woman who is half Chinese and half Moro".

Muslim Moros like Datu Piang, and the families with the Kong and Tan surnames are the results of non-Muslim Chinese merchants marrying Moros and converting to Islam. The Chinese merchant Tuya Tan of Amoy was the father of the Moro leader Datu Piang who was born to a Maguindanaon Moro woman.

Bian Lay Lim (Arnaib Hajal) was chairman of the Lupah Sug State Revolutionary Council. led the MNLF against the Philippine military during the battle of Jolo. Bian Lay Lim was among the first group of students who joined the MNLF in Pulao Pangkor, Malaysia in January 1969. He was later among the MNLF provincial chairmen with Jolo as his area of command.

A joint attack on 3 September against Philippine military forces was planned by Hadji Isacah Tahir of Tawi-Tawi, Sikal Sahidbad, Alvarez Isnadji and Bin Lay Lim of Sulu, Davao, Cotabato, Lanao, BAsilan, Zamboanga city and Palawan.

A barbed wire ringed prison, transport vehicles, fuel barrels were all available on the Tambisan cantonment which was commanded by Bian Lay Lim and Dr. Salih Long in eastern coastal Sabah.

Bian Lay Lim became part of the central committee of the MNLF after 21 September 1972 when martial law was declared. Southern Jolo was the area of command for Bian Lay Lim.

The MNLF denounced Japan, America, Spain and the Philippines as evil colonizers of the Moros while praising China as the friend of the Moros. The MNLF spokesman threatened that the MNLF would support China if the Philippines and America went to war against China.

There are a minority of non-Minnan Han Chinese Moro mestizos. One Chinese Moro mestizo family was descended from a Mandarin speaking Han Chinese man who came from Chinese owned Mongolia and settle in Sulu, marrying a Moro (Tausug) women and becoming a black smith, his name was in Mandarin, Shen Shu and it was changed to Sencio.

Chinese-Moro mestizo historian Samuel Kong Tan wrote that on his home island of Siasi, the native Moro Muslims and Chinese had good relations. The Chinese sold guns to the Moros in exchange for marine products like shark fins, shells and pearls. The native Moros also took out loans from the Chinese creditors and with the Moros putting their women and guns up as collateral for the debts.

Moro Muslim parents from Cotabato in mainland Mindanao sold their children and slaves to Chinese merchants so the Chinese could later sell them in the Sulu Sultanate after Cotabato was hit by famine and smallpox in 1872. Jesuits stepped in by buying the children from the Chinese.

The Cotabato based Jesuit mission lasted from 1862 until Spanish rule in Cotabato ended and during famine and disease epidemics they bought children from Muslim parents themselves or from Chinese merchants who had bought the children from the Muslim parents and placed them into a "ransomed slave children" orphanage. The Muslim datus sold their child slaves to the Jesuits during the famine in 1872. Thomas M. McKenna reported that he was told be Datu Adil that Moro Maguidanaons would send their slaves to schools instead of their own children in Cotabato when the Americans opened up schools so these slaves later became bureaucrats and teachers for the Magindanaons. In South Sulawesi in the Dutch East Indies, elite Toraja would also not send their own children to school and instead send their slaves.

The Moro Magindanaon Sultan of Buayan, Datu Utu (Uto) in mainland Mindanao desperately needed guns to fight Spain so he violated the clientage pact between the Lumad animist Tiruray and Moro Magindanaon Muslims which lasted hundreds of years before him & prohibited the enslavement of Tiruray. The Tiruray were targeted in slave trades by Datu Uto who sold them to Chinese merchants to be resold in the Tausug Sulu Sultanate as slaves, in exchange for guns from the Chinese. He also traded with the Chinese other forest products, coffee, cacao and rice.

Mixed Chinese-Tausug people (Lanang) engaged in business and moved to Jolo since the Sulu Sultanate. One man named Mario who survived in 1974 Jolo burning identified as a Christian Tausug and was of Chinese descent. He said "We have a Chinese community, the Chinese Chamber of Commerce. My father was a member of the Chinese Chamber. The Chinese community [in Jolo] had a Chinese School … that was the Sulu Tong Jin school. My grandfather was one of the pioneers of that school. He came from China. So, he went to Jolo and married my grandmother, who was a Muslim. But I’m not a Muslim. I’m a Catholic." Tausug in Jolo denied there was any religious sectarianism or hatred before the 1974 burning of the city by the Philippines. MNLF member Khalifa used to have the rosary in his house along with images of Catholic saints and in elementary school he went to church services. They prayed the Lord is with thee, Hail Mary full of Grace and the Rosary. Another Muslim Tausug said “ Jolo was very beautiful. The relationship between Muslims and Christian was extraordinary … there ’ s no discrimi-nation. There ’ s no religious disparity. There were intermarriages among Muslims and Christians, ”. Since there was a large Chinese community in Jolo, it was called "Little Hong Kong" by a Tausug named Muhammad. Omar, another Tausug Muslim said “ The Chinese sold products from Malaysia and Indonesia. If they saw something that is pro 󿬁 table, they would make it their business. ”

Chinese and Moro conflict with Spain
The Moro Sulu Sultanate wanted to be incorporated with China as a protectorate to defend them against the Spanish, but ethnic Manchus like the Kangxi emperor were against fighting Spain and rejected it. Han Chinese threatened to invade the Spanish Philippines, killing Spanish governor generals including Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas and his son Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, Han southern Ming commander Koxinga and his son Zheng Jing threatened to invade the Spanish Philippines forcing Spain to lose their Maluku colony forever and with forcing Spain to withdraw from Mindanao's Zamboanga for decades. 4,000 Han joined the Moros to fight against the Spanish in the 18th century with Han merchants shipping guns to the Moros to fight against Spain in the late 19th century. Kangxi also rejected war against the Dutch East India company and he and many Manchus wanted to abandon Taiwan to the Dutch which was overruled by Han officials.

Manchus like the Qianlong emperor also refused to aid Javanese Muslims and Han Chinese Peranakan who were fighting against the Dutch East India company in the Java War (1741–1743). Han were selling rifles to Batak chiefs fighting against Dutch rule in the late 19th and early 20th century

Despite Koxinga's death stopping his planned invasion of the Spanish Philippines, Koxinga's son Zheng Jing forced Spain to pay tribute to him in Taiwan and forced Spain to grant him extrajudicial rights over the Chinese community in Manila and forbade the Spanish to proselytise their religion to Chinese, with the Spanish Governor General Manuel de León and Queen-Regent Mariana helpless and unable to resist his demands as Zheng Jing prepared his own invasion against the Spanish. Zheng Jing also ridiculed and insulted Manchu religious practices.

The Spanish garrison in Manila were in terrible condition and both the English and Dutch East India companies said that if Zheng Jing followed threw with his planned invasion in 1671 after monsoon season, he would have won.

The Spanish declared that all Moros (Muslims), Armenian Oriental Orthodox Christians and pagan Chinese were enemies of the Holy (Catholic) faith and forced them to reside in the Parián ghetto in Manila.

In the Spanish Philippines, on July 27, 1713, the tribunal, acting in a legislative capacity, decreed that within thirty days “all Moros, Armenians, Malabars, Chinese and other enemies of the Holy Faith" should be lodged in the Parián when visiting Manila, or when living there temporarily for purposes of visit or trade. Penalties were also prescribed for the infraction of the above law.

Gomez was killed by the 250 Chinese rowers he forced to row his galley in 1593.

Chinese-Spanish friction began with the Chinese rebellion of P'an Ho Wu in 1593. In part the Ming Annals say:

In the eighth moon of the twenty-first year of the reign of Wan Li (1593), when the chieftain Lei Pi Li Mi Lao (Don Pérez Gómez Dasmariñas) undertook a raid on the Moluccas, he employed 250 Chinese to assist him in the combat. P'an Ho Wu was their lieutenant. The eavages (i. e., the Spaniards) lay down drowsy in the daytime and commanded the Chinese to row the galley: As they were somewhat lazy, they were suddenly beaten with a whip 80 severely that several of them died. Whereupon Ho Wu stirred up the fighting spirit of the Chinese in the following language: “Lot us revolt and die that way. Should we submit to being flogged to death or suffer any other such ignominious death? Should we not rather die in battle? Let us stab this chieftain to death and save our lives. If we are victorious, let us hoist the sails and return to our country. If we should succumb to be fettered, it will be time enough then to die."

After the assassination of the chieftain, the Chinese crew took possession of the ship and its valuables and proceeded to Annan. Lei Mao Lin (Don Luis Pérez Dasmariñas), the son of the deceased chieftain, immediately went to China to ask for indemnity for the murder of his father, but was disappointed.

"In 1603 three Chinese mandarins arrived at Manila. They said they were sent by the emperor to investigate the report of a mountain of gold in Cavite. The Spaniards were distrustful. They suspected that these men had come to spy out the situation and fortifications of the city, and that the story of the mountain of gold was merely an excuse. So alarmed were the government officials that after the departure of the mandarins they took measures to improve the defenses. These preparations in turn aroused suspicion on the part of the Chinese in Manila, who feared that the Spaniards were about to massacre them. They rose in revolt. In Tondo and Quiapo they set fire to buildings and made terrible massacres. To put down the revolt, one hundred and thirty Spaniards under Luis Dasmariñas marched against the rebels, but were defeated and nearly all killed. Then the Chinese stormed the Walled City, but here they were repulsed and driven to San Pablo del Monte. At this place they were attacked by a large force of Spaniards and Filipinos, and twenty-three thousand of them perished in the fight." "The Three Mandarins.-A strange thing happened in the year 1603, when Acuña was governor. 1 Three Chinese mandarins, as the great men of China are called, arrived in Manila. They wished to see if a mountain of gold existed in Cavite, as they had been told was the case. Acuña showed them that this was an idle tale so they went away. The Spaniards could not believe that the search for a mountain of gold was the real purpose of the mandarins. They thought these men wished to see if Manila could be captured. The Chinese in Manila now began to act strangely. Many of them went back and forth between the city and the country. The Spaniards fearing a plot began to threaten them. Then the Chinese became alarmed and planned to destroy the Spaniards. Chinese Revolt of 1603.—On the night of October 3, 1603, the entire Chinese population of Manila, nearly 25,000 in number, rose in revolt. They burned many houses in Quiapo, and killed many natives. There were few Spaniards in Manila. A force of one hundred and fifty men attacked the Chinese. All but four of the Spaniards were killed. At dawn, October 5th, the rebels attacked the walled city. The fight lasted several days. Every Spaniard, including the friars, armed himself and fought. It is said that Father Flores sat all day in a boat near the wall, firing two arquebuses, and killed many Chinese. Defeat of the Chinese.—Finally the Spaniards, with the aid of some Japanese and Pampangans, drove away the Chinese. They fled to the mountains of San Pablo. Here a large force of Spaniards and Filipinos surrounded and besieged them. Hunger and attacks of the natives, who hated the Chinese, caused the death of about 23,000."

A Threatened Invasion of the Philippines. — Exalted by his success against European arms, Koxinga resolved upon the conquest of the Philippines. He summoned to his service the Italian Dominican missionary, Ricci, who had been living in the province of Fukien, and in the spring of 1662 dispatched him as an ambassador to the governor of the Philippines to demand the submission of 'the archipelago.

Manila was thrown into a terrible panic by this demand, and indeed no such danger had threatened the Spanish in the Philippines since the invasion of Limahong. The Chinese conqueror had an innumerable army, and his armament, stores, and navy had been greatly augmented by the surrender of the Dutch. The Spaniards, however, were united on resistance. The governor, Don Sabiano Manrique de Lara, returned a defiant answer to Koxinga, and the most radical measures were adopted to place the colony in a state of defense.

More than all this, the Moluccas were forsaken, never again to be recovered by Spaniards; and the presidios of Zamboanga and Cuyo, which served as a kind of bridle on the Moros of Jolo and Mindanao, were abandoned. All Spanish troops were concentrated in Manila, fortifications were rebuilt, and the population waited anxiously for the attack. But the blow never fell.

Koxinga, unable to communicate with the mainland of the Empire, turned his attention to the conquest of Formosa Island, at the time in the possession of the Dutch. According to Dutch accounts, the European settlers numbered about 600, with a garrison of 2,200. The Dutch artillery, stores and merchandise were valued at $8,000,000, and the Chinese, who attacked them under Koxinga, were about 100,000 strong. The settlement surrendered to the invaders' superior numbers, and Koxinga established himself as King of the Island. Koxinga had become acquainted with an Italian Dominican missionary named Vittorio Riccio, whom he created a Mandarin, and sent him as Ambussador to the Governor of the Philippines. Riccio therefore arrived in Manila in 1662, the bearer of Koxinga's despatches calling upon the Governor to pay tribute, under threat of the Colony being attacked by Koxinga if his demand were refused.

The position of Riccio as an European Friar and Ambassador of a Mongol adventurer was as awkward as it was novel. He was received with great honour in Manila, where he disembarked, and rode to the Government House in the full uniform of a Chinese envoy, through lines of troops drawn up to salute him as he passed. At the same time, letters from Formosa had also been received by the Chinese in Manila, and the Government at once accused them of conniving at rebellion.. All available forces were concentrated in the capital; and to increase the garrison, the Governor published a Decree, dated 6 May 1662, ordering the demolition of the forts of Zamboanga, Yligan (Mindanao Island), Calamianes and Ternate' (Moluccas).

The only provincial fort preserved was that of Surigao (then called Caraga), consequently in the south the Mussulmans became complete masters on land and at sea for half a year.

The troops in Manila numbered 100 cavalry and 8,000 infantry. Fortifications were raised, and redoubts were constructed in which to secrete the Treasury funds. When all the armament was in readiness, the Spaniards incited the Chinese to rebel, to afford a pretext for their massacre.

Two junk masters were seized, and the Chinese population was menaced; therefore they prepared for their own defence, and then opened the affray, for which the Government was secretly longing, by killing a Spaniard in the market place. Suddenly artillery fire was opened out on the Parian, and many of the peaceful Chinese traders, in their terror, harged themselves; many were drowned in the attempt to reach the canoes in which to get away to sea; some few did safely arrive in Formosa Island and joined Koxinga's camp, whilst others took to the mountains. Some 8,000 to 9,000 Chinese remained quiet, but ready for any event, when they were suddenly attacked by Spaniards and natives. The confusion was general, and the Chinese seemed to be gaining ground, therefore the Governor sent the Ambassador Riccio and a certain Fray Joseph de Madrid to parley with them. The Chinese accepted the terms offered by Riccio, who returned to the Governor, leaving Fray Joseph with the rebels, but when Riccio went back with a general pardon and a promise to restore the two junk masters, he found that they had beheaded the priest. A general carnage of the Mougols followed, and Juan de la Concepcion says that the original intention of the Spaniards was to kill every Chinaman, but that they desisted in view of the inconvenience which would have ensued from the want of tradesmen and mechanics. Therefore they made a virtue of a necessity, and graciously pardoned in the name of His Catholic Majesty all who laid down their arms.

From this date the Molucca Islands were definitely evacuated and abandoned by the Spaniards, although as many men and as much material and money had been employed in garrisons and conveyance of subsidies there as in the whole Philippine Colony up to that period.

The Spanish constable in the Parian ghetto was killed by Chinese on 28 May 1686 and the Spanish governor was also targeted.

The Sulu kingdoms were tributaries to the Ming dynasty and one Sulu king died in China during a tribute mission. After Spanish persecution against Chinese in Luzon, thousands of Chinese fled to Sulu and Sulu's Sultan Israel (1773-1778) was backed by 4,000 Chinese against the Spanish. Chinese participated in Sulu's war against western colonialists like the 5 March 1775 attack against the Balambagan British outpost which was led y the Chinese merchant Datu Teteng, and at the 19 December 1726 treaty between Spain and Sulu, the representative was the Chinese Ki Kuan. Many Chinese assimilated into Tausug-Sama people and Chinese surnames are found among them. "About the time that Maj. Pitcairn heard at Lixing-ton-Concord the shot that was also heard around the world, an Englishman named Brun, with 4,000 Chinese who had been, by the British, expelled from Manila, joined the Jolo Moros under Datto Tetenz, and ravaged Cebu, harassing the oast as it had never been before." " In 1642 Generals Corcuero and Almonte made peace with Corralat, but piratical depredations by the Moros continued; Chinese rebellions embarrassed the Spaniards, who evacuated many places, and many fights were chronicled between the Moro fleets of Praus and the Spanish fleets. The priests egged on the Spanish, and the Spanish King re-established, and then abandoned, many stations in Mindoro, Basilan Mindanao and Jolo. Treaties were made and unmade. Expeditions intended to be punitive were undertaken. The Tawi-Tawi Moros nearly captured Zamboanga. Engagements were constant with varying success until 1737. King Philip V. of Spain, pestered the Sultans of Jolo and Tomantaca (Mindanao) about not being Christians, but expeditions were as frequent as baptisms."

Anda took what precautions were available to restrain the Moro pirates, but great difficulties arose in his way. Ali-Mudin, whom the English had restored to his sway in Joló, and his son Israel (in whose favor the father had abdicated) were friendly to the Spaniards, with many of their dattos; but another faction, led by Zalicaya, the commander of the Joloan armadas, favored the English, who had established themselves (1762) on the islet of Balambangan" in the Joló archipelago, which they had induced Bantilan to grant them; and the English were accused of endeavoring to incite the Joloans against the Spaniards by intrigue and bribery. Anda decided to send an expedition to make protest to the English against their occupation of this island, as being part of the Spanish territory, and entrusted this mission to an Italian officer named Giovanni Cencelly, who was then in command of one of the infantry regiments stationed at Manila; the latter sailed from Zamboanga December 30, 1773, bearing careful instructions as to his mode of procedure, and to avoid any hostilities with the English and maintain friendship with the Joloans. But Cencelly seems to have been quite destitute of tact or judgment, and even of loyalty to his governor; for he disobeyed his instructions, angered the Joloans, o who could hardly be restrained by Ali-Mudin from massacring the Spaniards, and at the end of three weeks was obliged to return to Zamboanga. He was on bad terms with the commandant there (Raimundo Español), and refused to render him any account of his proceedings at Joló; and he even tried to stir up a sedition among the Spanish troops against Español. The English gladly availed themselves of this unfortunate affair to strengthen their own position in Joló, stirring up the islanders against Spain and erecting new forts. Later, however, the English at Balambangan showed so much harshness and contempt for the Moro dattos (even putting one in the pillory) that the latter plotted to surprise and kill the intruders; and on March 5, 1775, this was accomplished, the English being all slain except the commandant and five others, who managed to escape to their ship in the harbor. The fort was seized by the Moros, who thus acquired great quantities of military supplies, arms, money, and food, with several vessels. Among this spoil were forty-five cannons and $24,000 in silver. Elated by this success, Tenteng, the chief mover of the enterprise, tried to secure Zamboanga by similar means; but the new commandant there, Juan Bayot, was on his guard, and the Moros were baffled. Teteng then went to Cebú, where he committed horrible ravages; and other raids of this sort were committed, the Spaniards being unable to check them for a long time. A letter written to the king by Anda in 1773 had asked for money to construct light armed vessels, and a royal order of January 27, 1776, commanded that 50,000 pesos be sent to Filipinas for this purpose. This money was employed by Anda's temporary successor, Pedro Sarrio, in the construction of a squadron of vintas, "vessels which, on account of their swiftness and exceedingly light draft, were more suitable for the pursuit of the pirates than the very heavy galleys; they were, besides, to carry pilots of the royal fleet to reconnoiter the coasts, draw plans of the ports, indicate the shoals and reefs, take soundings in the sea, etc." "The Datos at once feared the vengeance of the English, and declared Tenteng unworthy of the rights of a Joloan and an outlaw from the kingdom with all his followers. The Sultan wrote to the governor of Zamboanga, assuring him that neither himself nor the Datos had taken part in this transgression; and he asked the governor to send him the Curia filipica and the Empresas políticas of Saavedra, in order that he might be able to answer the charges which the English would make against him. (This sultan Israel had studied in the college of San José at Manila.)" Tenteng repaired to Joló with his booty and the captured English vessel; "these were arguments in his favor so convincing that he was at once admitted." He surrendered to the sultan all the military supplies, besides $2,000 in money, and divided the spoils with the other datos; they received him with the utmost enthusiasm, and raised the ban from his head. “About the year 1803, in which the squadron of General Alava returned to the Peninsula, the English again took possession of the island of Balanbangan; and it appears that they made endeavors to establish themselves in Joló, and were instigating the sultan and datos to go out and plunder the Visayas, telling the Joloans that they themselves only cared to seize Manila and the Acapulko galleon.

When the Chinese were expelled from Manila in 1758, many of them went to reside in Joló, where some 4,000 were found at the time of Cencelly's expedition; these took sides with the Joloans (Tausug Moros) against the Spaniards, and organized an armed troop to fight the latter.

Pagan (non-Catholic, pure Han Chinese were expelled from Manila in 1755 and 1766, leaving only Chinese mestizo Catholics behind. Chinese mestizos made up a huge fraction of the Philippine population and took over the retail trade from the pure Chinese.

Koxinga's threat forced Spain in 1633 to abandon Zamboanga and led to an escalation of fighting between Moro Muslims and Spanish in Mindanao.

Chinese and Moro conflict with Japan
Han Chinese-Moro Tausug mestizos participated in World War II against the Japanese, such as Teo Konglam (Zhang Guanglin) and Tan Saituan (Chen Saiduan).

Teo Konglam (Zhang Guanglin) 張廣霖 and Tan Saituan (Chen Saiduan) 陳赛端 led Moro fighters on Siasi against the Japanese.

The Han Chinese-Moro mestizo Teo Konglam led the anti-Japanese guerilla resistance on Siasi. He spoke the Sama and Tausug languages in addition to English. Lieutenant Colonel Alejandro Suarez was mentioned in a military report on Teo Konglam. Tan Saituan, another mixed Han Chinese-Moro mestizo also fought alongside Teo Konglam against the Japanese.

Other Han Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines also used the names Konglam and Saituan.

The Japanese killed Suluk women and children in British north Borneo at a mosque. Bajau-Suluk participated in a violent revolt against the Japanese.

Wong Mu Sing was a Chinese resistance fighter in British Borneo during World War II. Wong Mu Sing was married to a Suluk Tausug Muslim woman, Halima bint Amat.

A Han Chinese man Wong Mu Sing who was a guerilla fighter during the war was married to a Moro Suluk Tausug Muslim woman, Halima Binte Amat and he was killed during the war for trying to rescue Allied POWs. His widow was given an award in October 1950 on his behalf. Another Suluk Tausug widow, Halima Bine Binting was married to a Tausug guerilla named Matsup bin Gangau and he was also killed by te Japanese for helping allied prisoners of war. The Japanese starved and abused Javanese Muslim labourers brought to north Borneo.

97% of the Japanese soldiers occupying Jolo were slaughtered by Moro Muslim Tausug guerillas according to Japanese soldier Fujioka Akiyoshi, who was one of the few who remained alive by the end of the war. Fujioka described the Moros as brutal and recalled how the Moros sliced the livers and gold teeth off Japanaese soldiers who in one month slaughtered 1,000 Japanese after they came to the island. Fujioka and his fellow Japanese soldiers were overjoyed when they finally reached an American base to surrender to since they knew their only other fate was being butchered by Moro Muslims or starvation. Injured Japanese were slaughtered by Moros with their kris daggers as the Moros constantly attacked and charged and butchered Japanese soldiers.

Fujioka Akiyoshi (藤岡 明義) wrote a published diary of his war experiences on Jolo called (Haisen no ki ~ gyokusai chi Horo tō no kiroku )(敗戦の記～玉砕地ホロ島の記録 or 敗残の記: 玉砕地ホロ島の記錄) and a private account "Uijin no ki" (初陣の記). His diary mentioned the majority of Japanese on Jolo were slaughtered, succumbing to malaria and to Moro attacks. Japanese corpses littered the ground, decaying, infested with maggots and smelling horrendous. Fukao and other Japanese survivors surrendered to the Americans to avoid being slaughtered by the Moro Muslims and after they were in American custody a group of Moros grasping their daggers saw them and wanted to slaughter them. One Moro mentioned how his 12 year old son was eaten by Japanese soldiers at a mountain and he was slaughtering all Japanese soldiers from that area and Fujioka saw he was wearing the wristwatch of Japanese Sergeant Fukao.

The most-anti Japanese place in Southeast Asia was the Moro region as they engaged in juramentado suicide attacks against the Japanese.

The Tausug Moro juramentados only attacked enemies like the Japanese, Filipino constabulary, American and Spanish soldiers but juramentados did not attack non-Muslim Chinese since they only fought against enemies and not all non-Muslims. The same Tausug Moro who said that non-Muslim Chinese were not enemies and would not be attacked by juramentados then insulted the Bajau people, who are also Muslim but he declared the Bajau as non-Muslim and compared killing a Bajau to killing a monkeys saying it was not worth the effort for a juramentado to attack Bajau. Moro juramentados on Mindanao during World War II would attack Japanese soldiers and try to stab American sentries in the back.

The Japanese declared their hostility against the mountain hill Maranao Moros of Mindanao, promising to "win the hearts of powerful chiefs" and "wipe out the malignant Moro elements", using Christian Filipinos like Ciriaco Raval as their puppet proxies to rule Davao along with Teofista Guignona. The Japanese started massacring Moro civilians in Dansalan and the Moro Salipada Pendatun led raids against the Japanese. The hill Moros (Maranaos) were also viewed negatively by US guerilla Charlie Hedges, who said they didn't understand Islam properly when Fertig asked them if they obeyed Islamic rules on hospitality.

The Japanese were pinned down in the cities of Mindanao by the Moros after the Moros wiped the Japanese out of huge swaths of the island by 19 March, 1945.

In December 1941 the Japanese launched an attack with air and naval support and 4 transports in Davao. World: Push on the Islands

On April 1942 Moro killed Japanese soldiers in Zamboanga and destroyed Japanese fuel, supply and ammunition warehouses near Digos.

In March 1942 near Zamboanga, Japanese were assaulted by Moro scouts.

The Moros fought against the Philippines, Japanese, Americans and Spanish for centuries.