Draft:Erich Dublon

Erich Dublon was a German-Jewish man living in Erfurt, Germany during the rise of Nazi oppression. He fled Germany and attempted to immigrate to Cuba with his brother Wilhelm Dublon, his sister-in-law Erna Dublon, and his two young nieces, Lore and Eva. The Dublon family boarded the SS St. Louis, a Cuban-bound ship that carried hundreds of European Jews desperate to escape persecution. After a sixteen-day transatlantic journey, the SS St. Louis reached Cuba. Dublon and the other passengers remained in the Harbor in Havana while the authorities deliberated over allowing the refugees entry into the country. The SS St. Louis refugees were ultimately denied entry into both Cuba and the United States. Dublon was sent back to Europe, settling in Antwerp, Belgium. As Nazi extermination policies intensified, the Dublon family was rounded up and subsequently exterminated in the Auschwitz concentration camp.

Early life
Erich Dublon was born on November 6th, 1890 in Apolda, Germany. Later on, he resided in Erfurt, Germany with his brother, sister-in-law, and nieces. Dublon and his brother, Willi Dublon, co-owned a shoe store called Salamander Schuhe. The Dublon family lived contently in Erfurt despite the increasingly repressive social and political climate.

Nazi persecution
The aftermath of WWI fostered a dangerous political, economic, and social climate in Germany. A severe financial crisis involving hyperinflation, poverty, and mass unemployment contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler’s fascist and staunchly antisemitic regime. After the Third Reich seized power in Germany, Nazi leaders began to implement harsh economic restrictions to isolate and eventually eliminate Jews from European society. The Nuremberg Laws, enacted in September of 1935, devised a legal distinction between Germans and Jews. These laws revoked Jewish rights to German citizenship, as well as legalized and encouraged the systemic persecution of Jews. Despite this Nazi tyranny, the Dublon family refused to uproot their lives and were hopeful that the period of antisemitism would pass. The Dublons accepted that living in Germany was no longer possible after the Kristallnacht Pogroms and several Nazi policies restricting Jewish economic life.

Immigration policies
Dublon's brother, Willi Dublon, was successful in securing spots on the St. Louis motor ship for himself and his entire family. This included Erich, Willi, Erna, twelve-year-old Lore, and six-year-old Eva. The passengers on the St. Louis were made up of mostly Jewish refugees who were also hoping to escape Nazi persecution. The immigrants were granted permits for their stay in Cuba by the Director of Immigration, Manuel Bonitez Gonzalez. Unbeknownst to Erich and many other St. Louis passengers, Gonzalez was a corrupt actor and the visas were never approved by the Cuban Government. The Dublons intended to live in Cuba until they could gain entry into the United States. After WWI, the United States cracked down on immigration by enacting the Immigration Act of 1924, which placed strict quotas on the number of foreigners allowed into the country. In the wake of the Great Depression, Americans were highly distrustful of foreigners as they believed an immigrant labor force would threaten employment opportunities for domestic workers. There was also great suspicion of foreigners who held citizenship in enemy countries. Immigration quotas were set considerably low for countries with high volumes of Jewish immigrants,  posing a significant obstacle that prevented numerous Jews from escaping to safety.

SS St. Louis
The St. Louis departed for Cuba on May 13th, 1939. There is an extensive and personal record of Erich Dublon’s experience on the ship due to the recovery of his travel diary. The diary was kept by a family friend of the Dublons, Peter Heiman, who was able to successfully immigrate from Erfurt to the United States. Dublon describes the jovial and hopeful atmosphere on the St. Louis when the immigrants first boarded. The luxury accommodations, excellent food, and myriad of onboard activities inspired a sense of optimism in the Dublons and excitement for the beginning of their new lives. Erich also documents the strong feeling of community as he and his family were able to connect with fellow Erfurt immigrants. After sixteen days of sailing, the St. Louis arrived in Havana, Cuba.

The ship remained stagnant in Havana’s Harbor as authorities aboard the St. Louis negotiated with the Cuban government over the canceled visas. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee attempted to persuade Cuba and the United States to accept the passengers under asylum, but their arguments were unsuccessful. While these deliberations were occurring, Dublon's diary reflects a great deal of uncertainty and grief among the passengers. It was unclear why the immigrants were not permitted to disembark and they were unaware that many of their visas had been illegally issued. On the fifth day of waiting in the harbor as it became evident something was amiss, Dublon's diary noted several passengers' suicides. On the seventh day of sitting in the harbor, the announcement was made to the passengers that they had been denied entry into Cuba. The St. Louis was escorted out of the harbor by several Cuban police boats, who had suggested the use of force if the ship resisted. The St. Louis also journeyed to Florida where they also attempted to gain entry, but were again turned away. On June 10 1939, the passengers were informed that the St. Louis had no alternative but to return to Europe. Dublon's journal entries reflect the intense emotions and desperation of the passengers, many of whom where crying at the announcement of the ship's return to Europe.

Return to Europe
Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, and Belgium had approved the St. Louis refugees to seek temporary residence in their countries. Dublon and the rest of his family were assigned to live in Belgium and the St. Louis arrived in Antwerp on June 17th, 1939. Dublon's nieces, Lore and Eva, had difficulties adjusting to their new life in Antwerp. They particularly struggled with the language barrier between themselves and their classmates. Despite the hardships they experienced, the Dublon family remained relationally close. They enjoyed weekly nature walks together and slowly became accustomed to their new lives in Antwerp.

Deportation
Belgium had remained a neutral country amid World War II when Dublon initially moved there in 1939. However, in May of 1940, the German military was victorious in capturing Belgium for the Nazi Regime. The Germans immediately began implementing Nazi policies to consolidate and eventually exterminate Belgium’s Jewish population. The Germans conducted an extensive census that attempted to identify all Jews residing in the area. Dublon was sent to the Mechelen Transit camp at the age of 50 and was later deported to Auschwitz. Instead of immediately being sent to the gas chambers to be murdered, Dublon was selected for harsh forced labor within the camp. Auschwitz records reflect that Dublon died of a heart attack in the camp on September 3rd, 1942. Dublon’s brother Willi was also discovered by the Gestapo and subsequently sent to the Mechelen Transit camp on December 23rd, 1943. Erna Dublon and her two daughters Lore and Eva were also captured on January 8th, 1944. The remainder of the Dublon family was moved to Auschwitz on January 17th, 1944. Fifty-four-year-old Willi, forty-year-old Erna, and ten-year-old Eva were all exterminated in the gas chambers upon arrival in Auschwitz. Sixteen-year-old Lore was deemed desirable for forced labor by Nazi officials. She was consequently relocated to the Golleschau camp where she eventually died.

Legacy
Erich Dublon’s travel diary has provided critical insight into the voyage of the SS St. Louis. It created a meticulous record of the everyday lives of the St. Louis passengers and captures the emotional distress when the immigrants were denied entry into Havana. The recovery of Erich's diary has made significant contributions to the historical record of Jewish immigration during World War II and the journey of the SS St. Louis.