Draft:Genocide Cossacks

History
January 24, 1919 is a tragic date in the fate of the Cossacks. On this day, the Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (b) adopted a circular letter signed by Yakov Sverdlov, which defined the policy of the Bolsheviks towards the Cossacks, who faithfully served the Fatherland for more than one century. "Merciless terror, no compromises, total extermination," was the verdict of the document that cost the lives of more than two million Cossacks. The so—called "storytelling", which means repression, exile, executions, confiscation of acquired property. On January 24, 1919, the Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (b), after discussing the 6th item on the agenda - the "Circular Letter of the Central Committee on the attitude towards the Cossacks", adopted a secret directive "To all responsible comrades working in the Cossack regions" with a resolution: "To accept the text of the circular letter. To propose to the Commissariat of Agriculture to develop practical measures for the resettlement of the poor on a large scale to the Cossack lands." It is considered that this directive, signed on January 29 by the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Ya. Sverdlov, and marked the beginning of the so—called storytelling - the "Cossack Holocaust"...

It is necessary, taking into account the experience of the year of the civil war with the Cossacks, to recognize the only correct most merciless struggle against all the upper classes of the Cossacks by their total extermination. No compromises, no half-heartedness of the path are unacceptable. Therefore, it is necessary: 1. To carry out mass terror against rich Cossacks, exterminating them completely; to carry out merciless mass terror against all Cossacks in general who took any direct or indirect part in the struggle against the Soviet government. It is necessary to apply all those measures to the middle Cossacks that provide a guarantee against any attempts on their part to new demonstrations against the Soviet government. 2. Confiscate the bread and force all the surplus to be poured into the specified points, this applies to both bread and all other agricultural products. 3. Take all measures to assist the resettling newcomer poor by organizing resettlement, where possible. 4. Equalize the newcomers of "nonresidents" to the Cossacks in land and in all other respects. 5. Carry out complete disarmament, shooting anyone who has a weapon found after the deadline. 6. Issue weapons only to reliable nonresident elements. 7. Leave armed detachments in Cossack villages until full order is established. 8. All commissars appointed to certain Cossack settlements are invited to show maximum firmness and consistently follow these instructions. The Central Committee decides to carry out through the relevant Soviet institutions the obligation of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture to develop in a hurry actual measures for the mass resettlement of the poor to the Cossack lands. The Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party(b)"

Among the measures taken were measures used in general during the red terror, for example, the taking of hostages "enjoying any authority", which follows from the instructions of the Donburo: " In order to eliminate the Cossack counterrevolution as soon as possible and prevent possible uprisings, the Donburo proposes to carry out the following through the relevant Soviet institutions: 1) In all villages, farms, immediately arrest all prominent representatives of this village or farm who enjoy any authority, although not involved in counter-revolutionary actions, and send them as hostages to the district revolutionary tribunal. (Those convicted, according to the Central Committee directive, must be shot.) 2) When publishing an order on the surrender of weapons, declare that, if a weapon is found in someone's possession after the specified period, not only the owner of the weapon, but also several hostages will be shot. 3) In no case may persons of Cossack rank, non-communists, be part of the revolutionary committee. Responsibility for the violation of this is assigned to the district executive committee and the organizer of the local revkom. 4) Draw up lists of all escaped Cossacks in the villages under the responsibility of the revolutionary committees (the same applies to the Kulaks) and, without any exception, arrest and send them to district tribunals, where capital punishment should be applied."

The directive of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front dated March 16, 1919: I propose to steadily implement the following: to exert all efforts to eliminate the riots as quickly as possible by concentrating maximum forces to suppress the uprising and by applying the most severe measures against the instigators of the farms: a) burning of the rebellious farms; b) merciless executions of all persons, without exception, who took direct or indirect part in the uprising; c) executions after 5 or 10 people of the adult male population of the rebellious farms; d) the mass taking of hostages from neighboring rebellious farms; e) widespread notification to the population of farms, villages, etc. that all villages and farms noticed in providing assistance to the rebels will be mercilessly exterminated by the entire adult male population and burned at the first case of detection of assistance; approximate carrying out punitive measures with widespread notification of the population. In addition to mass shootings, food detachments were organized that took away food; villages were renamed villages, the very name "Cossack" was banned...

Sverdlov's directive was supplemented and developed by various kinds of resolutions. Thus, the "Draft administrative-territorial division of the Ural region" dated March 4, 1919 prescribed "to put in the order of the day the policy of repression against the Cossacks, the policy of economic and similar red terror... The Cossacks, as a separate group of the population, must be put an end to." On February 3, 1919, a secret order of the chairman of the RVS of the Republic of Trotsky appeared, on February 5 — order No. 171 of the RVS of the Southern Front "On storytelling". At the same time, the directive of the Donburo of the CPSU (b) explicitly prescribed: a) the physical extermination of at least 100 thousand Cossacks capable of carrying weapons, i.e. from 18 to 50 years old; b) the physical destruction of the so-called "tops" of the village (chieftains, judges, teachers, priests), even if they do not take part in counter-revolutionary actions; c) the eviction of a significant part of the Cossack families outside the Don region ; d) the resettlement of peasants from small-land northern provinces to the place of liquidated villages...

Moreover, the Donburo and the Revolutionary Military Council demand strict implementation of their directives on the ground, releasing documents of this type through the instances: "No information was received from any of the commissars of the division about the number of those shot... Uprisings will continue to flare up in the rear of our troops, unless measures are taken to fundamentally suppress even thoughts of the possibility of such. These measures include the complete destruction of all those who raised weapons, the shooting on the spot of all those with weapons, and even the percentage destruction of the male population." This document was signed, by the way, by the future victim of repression I. Yakir (then a member of the RVS of the 8th army). Another testimony is from the Moscow communist M. Nesterov, who was sent to the Don: "The party bureau was headed by a man... who acted according to some instruction from the center and understood it as the complete destruction of the Cossacks... Illiterate old men and old women who could barely drag their feet, constables, not to mention officers, were shot. 60-80 people were shot per day... At the head of the food department was a certain Goldin, his view of the Cossacks was this: it is necessary to cut out all the Cossacks! And to populate the Don region with an alien element.." Another Moscow agitator, K. Krasnushkin: "The commissars of villages and farms robbed the population, got drunk... People were shot completely innocent — old men, old women, children... They shot 30-40 people in front of the whole village at once, with bullying, stripped naked. Women who covered their nakedness with their hands were bullied and forbidden to do so..."

It was the implementation of the Orgburo directive that led to the uprising on the Upper Don on March 11, 1919. And the very village of Kazan, which had met the Bolsheviks with almost bread and salt shortly before, was the first to rise up! Pilots Bessonov and Veselovsky, who visited the rebellious Vyoshenskaya, reported to the Military Circle: "In one of the farms of Vyoshenskaya, an old Cossack was cut out, nailed to his chin, and so led around the farm until the old man died, just because he called the communists looters to his eyes. 1,000 girls were taken to Karginskaya station to dig trenches. All the girls were raped and, when the rebellious Cossacks approached the village, they were driven forward of the trenches and shot... The daughter of a priest came running from one of the farms from the "wedding" of her father, who was "married" with a mare in the church. After the "wedding", a drinking party was arranged, at which the priest and the priest's wife were forced to dance. In the end, the priest was brutally tortured ..." April 8, 1919 — another directive of the Donburo: "The urgent task is the complete, rapid and decisive destruction of the Cossacks as a special economic group, the destruction of its economic foundations, the physical destruction of the Cossack bureaucracy and officers, in general, of all the tops of the Cossacks, the dispersion and neutralization of the ordinary Cossacks..."

By the end of 1920, the remnants of the Kuban Army — mostly ordinary Cossacks — laid down their weapons and went home. It would seem that there is a real chance for the Bolsheviks to achieve reconciliation. However, the Soviet 9th Army only intensified the repression. In one of her reports, punitive actions were taken into account during the period from September 1 to September 20: "St. Kabardinskaya was shelled with artillery, 8 houses were burned... Kubansky farm — shelled with artillery... Guriyskaya St. — shelled with artillery, hostages were taken... Hut. Chichibaba and hut. Armenian — burned to the ground... St. Bzhedukhovskaya — 60 houses burned... St. Chamlykskaya — 23 people were shot... St. Labinskaya — 42 people... St. Psebayskaya — 48 people... St. Khanskaya — 100 people were shot, property was confiscated, and the families of bandits are sent to the depths of Russia... In addition, it was shot by regiments during the occupation of villages that were not accounted for..." And the conclusion of the army headquarters: "It is desirable to carry out the most severe repressions and total terror!.." Below is an ominous handwritten note: "Executed."

During the so-called "confiscations", all available items were raked out from the Cossacks, up to women's underwear. A campaign was launched to justify terror in the Bolshevik press. For example, in February 1919, the newspaper Izvestia Narcomvoyena (which was actually published under the direct editorship of Trotsky) wrote: "The Cossacks have no merit to the Russian people and the state. The Cossacks have merits only to the dark forces of Russianism... According to their combat training, the Cossacks did not differ in their abilities for useful combat operations. Especially striking is the wild appearance of the Cossack, his backwardness from the decent appearance of a cultured man of the western strip. When studying the psychological side of this mass, one has to notice similarities between the psychology of the Cossacks and the psychology of some representatives of the zoological world..." Not only that, according to the Communists, the Cossacks are "royal satraps", so they are also something like harmful insects! Well, if that's the case, nail them! "The Russian proletariat has no right to apply generosity to the Don... Recalling the events of those years, even the convinced communist M. Sholokhov writes (letter to Gorky dated June 6, 1931): "I drew the harsh reality preceding the uprising; moreover, I deliberately missed such the facts... like the summary execution of 62 old Cossacks in the Migulinsky village, or the executions in the villages of Kazanskaya and Shumilinskaya, where the number of Cossacks shot (b. elected farm chieftains, St. George cavaliers, sergeants, honorary village judges, school trustees, etc. the bourgeoisie and the counterrevolution of the farm scale) reached a solid figure within 6 days — more than 400 people..."

Active extermination continued until 1924, after which there was a lull. Of course, the arrests continued, only the wave of lawless reprisals subsided. The Soviet government, portraying a "civil peace", sought the return of emigrants (in order to finally eliminate the threat from their side). At first, the "returnees" were not touched. Then we got to them... And they finished off the Cossacks.

Dm. Shmarin "Raskazachivanie " At the VIII Congress of the Russian Communist Party (b) in 1919, I.V. Stalin defines the Cossacks as "the primordial instrument of Russian imperialism", which was "the stronghold of the Denikin-Kolchak counterrevolution", which justifies the saying: "The Cossack units calling themselves Soviet cannot, do not want to wage a decisive struggle against the Cossack counterrevolution... turned into a base counter-revolutions… Who else could be the bulwark of the Denikin-Kolchak counterrevolution, if not the primordial instrument of Russian imperialism, enjoying privileges and organized into a military estate — the Cossacks, who have long exploited non-Russian peoples on the outskirts"

There were 11 Cossack troops in Russia. The Bolsheviks practically destroyed the Cossacks, and not only the Don... The Ural Regional Revolutionary Committee in February 1919 issued instructions according to which it was necessary: "to outlaw the Cossacks, and they are subject to extermination." In accordance with the instructions, existing concentration camps were used, and a number of new places of detention were organized. In a memo to the Central Committee of the RCP (b), a member of the Cossack Department of the Central Executive Committee, Ruzheynikov, at the end of 1919, it is reported that the most severe and decisive repressive measures were taken on the ground: for example, on the night of May 6-7, 1919, 350-400 people from the 9th and 10th Ural Cossack regiments who defected from the Ural prison In March 1919, 100-120 people were shot by the Bolsheviks, and several imprisoned Cossacks were drowned. The report of a member of the Central Executive Committee also reports that the executed Cossacks were dumped into the Ural River, which caused rather a negative attitude towards the Soviet government. It is reported that the Chapaev division, while advancing from Lbishchensk to the village of Skvorkina, burned out all the villages with a length of 80 versts in length and 30-40 in width... In the Astrakhan province, the lands confiscated from the Cossacks were not subject to return. The Cossacks were deprived of the right to use natural resources such as forests and fish. In the Astrakhan province in 1920, about 2,000 Cossacks were held in concentration camps.

In pursuance of secret order No. 01726 of the acting commander of the Caucasian Labor Army A. Medvedev, Kalinovskaya village was burned, Ermolovskaya village (now Alkhankala village), Romanovskaya (Zakanyurt village), Samashkinskaya (Samashki village), Mikhailovskaya (Sernovodsk village) were subjected to repressive measures and looted. The village of Kohanovskaya was completely destroyed. According to the order, the male population of the Cossack villages aged from 18 to 50 years old was decided to "load into echelons and send them North under escort ... for heavy forced labor." Women, children and the elderly were evicted "to the North", a total of 2,917 families, about 11,000 people, were evicted from these villages. On January 25, 1931, the deportation of the Cossacks among 9,000 families was carried out in the Kuban, about 45,000 people from the Black Sea region were evicted to develop the arid regions of Stavropol and the Salsk steppes. During 1930-1931, at least 300,000 Cossacks from various regions were arrested and deported, mostly from the Ural region and the former territories of the Cossacks in the North Caucasus.

Citations and notes
↑ Расказачивание // «Толковый словарь Ефремовой» / Т. Ф. Ефремова — 2000.1 2 3 4 5 Это примечание определено в шаблоне или другом генерируемом блоке и на данный момент может быть предпросмотрено только в режиме правки вики-кода.↑ Расказачивание // «Энциклопедический словарь» — 2009.↑ Расказачивание // «Словарь многих выражений» — 2014.↑ Это примечание определено в шаблоне или другом генерируемом блоке и на данный момент может быть предпросмотрено только в режиме правки вики-кода.1 2 3 Футорянский Л. И. Проблемы казачества: расказачивание // Вестник ОГУ. — 2002. — Вып. 2. — С. 43−53. Архивировано 15 января 2015 года.↑ ♦ Лосев Е. Расказачивание на Дону — С. 20−22;♦ Венков А. В. В чём же казачий вопрос? // Дон. — 1990. — № 2. — С. 140−141;♦ Генис В. Л. Расказачивание в советской России // «Вопросы истории» — 1994. — № 1. — С. 42−55;♦ Казачество в истории России: межд. науч. конф. // «Отечественная история» — 1994. — № 6. — С. 271;♦ Козлов А. И. Возрождение казачества: история и современность (эволюция, политика, теория). — Ростов-на-Дону, 1995. — С. 133−134;♦ Кислицын С. А. Государство и расказачивание, 1917−1945 гг.: учеб. пособие. — Ростов-на-Дону, 1996;♦ Трут В. П. Казачий излом: казачество Юго-Востока России в начале XX века и в период революции 1917 года. — Ростов-на-Дону, 1997. — С. 210−216.↑ ♦ Чернопицкий П. Г. О судьбах казачества в советское время // Кубанское казачество: проблемы истории и возрождения. — Краснодар, 1992. — С. 83−85;♦ Чернопицкий П. Г. Об одном историческом мифе // Кубанское казачество: три века исторического пути. — Краснодар, 1996. — С. 277−281;♦ Осколков Е. Н. Судьбы крестьянства и казачества в России: раскрестьянивание, расказачивание // Проблемы истории казачества: сб. науч. тр. — Волгоград, 1995. — С. 150−163;♦ Перехов Я. А. Власть и казачество: поиск согласия (1920−1926 гг.) — Ростов-на-Дону, 1997. — С. 11↑ Шахалиева Ф. Б. Земельный вопрос в Кабардино-Балкарии в период гражданской войны 1918—1920 гг. Манускрипт. 20161 2 3 4 5 Это примечание определено в шаблоне или другом генерируемом блоке и на данный момент может быть предпросмотрено только в режиме правки вики-кода.↑ Это примечание определено в шаблоне или другом генерируемом блоке и на данный момент может быть предпросмотрено только в режиме правки вики-кода.↑ Это примечание определено в шаблоне или другом генерируемом блоке и на данный момент может быть предпросмотрено только в режиме правки вики-кода.1 2 3 Это примечание определено в шаблоне или другом генерируемом блоке и на данный момент может быть предпросмотрено только в режиме правки вики-кода.1 2 3 ♦ Магнер Г., 1999♦ Медведев Р. А., Стариков С. П.↑ П. Голуб Правда и ложь о «расказачивании» казаков (5) (ЦДИХНИ Ф-78, оп. 6 д.14 л.6).1 2 Г. Кокунько. Расказачивание. (неопр.) Дата обращения: 18 марта 2019. Архивировано 6 апреля 2019 года.↑ Лосев. Командарм Миронов.1 2 3 4 5 6 Это примечание определено в шаблоне или другом генерируемом блоке и на данный момент может быть предпросмотрено только в режиме правки вики-кода.↑ Трагедия казачества. Январь-май 1920↑ Это примечание определено в шаблоне или другом генерируемом блоке и на данный момент может быть предпросмотрено только в режиме правки вики-кода.↑ Решетников Л. П. Вернуться в Россию. Третий путь, или тупики безнадёжности. — М.: ФИВ, 2014. С.1191 2 Постановлением ВС РФ от 16.07.1992 № 3321-1 «О реабилитации казачества»↑ Обращение Президента Карачаево-Черкесской Республики М.А-А.Батдыева к жителям республики в День памяти жертв политических репрессий против казачества  (неопр.). Дата обращения: 31 мая 2008. Архивировано из оригинала 6 октября 2008 года.↑ Донские казаки почтили память жертв геноцида казачества (недоступная ссылка) 26.01.2007 ИА REGNUM↑ Пензенские казаки вспомнили день начала «расказачивания» (недоступная ссылка) 25.01.2007↑ Сегодня — день памяти жертв казачьего геноцида (недоступная ссылка) 24.01.2007↑ Атаман Кубанского казачьего войска почтил память жертв политических репрессий казачества (недоступная ссылка) 24.01.2007↑ Закон РСФСР от 26.04.1991 № 1107-1 «О реабилитации репрессированных народов» //♦ «Ведомости СНД и ВС РСФСР», 02.05.1991, № 18, ст. 572;♦ Галахова А. В. Суд присяжных: квалификация преступлений и процедура рассмотрения дел: научно-практическое пособие — М.: «Норма», 2006;♦ Азарова Е. Г., Кондратьева З. А. Постатейный комментарий к Федеральному закону «О трудовых пенсиях в Российской Федерации» — М., 2003;♦ Петров А. Г. Правовые вопросы реабилитации репрессированных народов: законодательство и практика // «История государства и права», 2007. — № 2.