Draft:Haplogroup O-M176

Haplogroup O-M176 (aka O-SRY465) or O1b2 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is best known for its part in the settlement of Korea and Japan. It is a descendant of Haplogroup O-P31, and it has been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, Haplogroup O-K18, approximately 31,108 (95% CI 22,844 <-> 34,893) years before present, approximately 29,190 years before present, or approximately 28,200 (95% CI 26,000 <-> 30,400) years before present.

Distribution
Haplogroup O-M176 is found mainly in the northernmost parts of East Asia, from the Uriankhai and Zakhchin peoples of western Mongolia to the Japanese of Japan, though it also has been detected sporadically in the Buryats. It has been detected with moderate frequencies in Udegeys of southern Siberia, rarely among populations of Southeast Asia including Indonesia ( and ), the Philippines, Thailand , and Vietnam ( and ), and Micronesians. This haplogroup is found with its highest frequency and diversity values among modern populations of Japan and Korea and is rare in most populations in China. Among Han Chinese, it has been detected in some samples of Han Chinese from Beijing (1/51, and ), Xi'an (1/34, ), one Han Chinese in Henan, Han Chinese in Taiwan (2/352 = 0.57%, including one of 34 Hakka people and one of 258 miscellaneous Han volunteers), Han Chinese from East China sampled from the infertility clinic at the Affiliated Hospitals of Nanjing Medical University at Jiangsu (6/1147 = 0.52%, ), Wuhan (1/160), and South China outside of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai (1/65). Among ethnic minorities in China, haplogroup O-M176 has been detected with high frequency in samples of Koreans in China ( and ) and with low frequency among Manchus (,, and ), Hezhe people, Daurs, Evenks, Sibes , Kham Tibetans, and Hui. In a study of various populations of Hunan, O1b2-M176 was found in 0.55% (5/903) of all samples; specifically, this haplogroup was observed in 3.0% (1/33) of a sample of Iu Mien from Hunan, 1.9% (2/103) of a sample of Gàn Chinese from Hunan, 1.4% (1/71) of a sample of Kam from Hunan, and 1.1% (1/95) of a sample of Xong Miao from Hunan. In a study published in July 2020, Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O1b2-M176 was observed in 1.31% (4/305) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zibo, Shandong and in 1.06% (6/565) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zhaotong, Yunnan.

Mitsuru Sakitani suggests that haplogroup O1b2, which is common in today Koreans, Japanese and Manchu, are one of the carriers of Liao civilization or Yangtze civilization. As the Liao civilization and the Yangtze civilization declined several tribes crossed westward and northerly, to the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. However, Mitsuru Sakitani said that Currently, very little o1b2 are detected in the Yangtze River region, there are many problems in the theory that originate from the Yangtze River area. Another study calls the haplogroup O1b1 as the major Austroasiatic paternal lineage and the haplogroup O1b2 (of Koreans and Japanese) as the "para-Austroasiatic" paternal lineage.

Paragroup O-M176*
Y-DNA that belongs to O-M176(xK10, F3356) has been found in an individual from Hiroshima, an individual from Fukushima, an individual from Beijing, and 1% (7/706) of a sample of males collected in Seoul and Daejeon.

O-M176(x47z) has been found in approximately 9.2% of Japanese males (ranging from 3.5% in the JPT sample from Tokyo to 13.1% in a sample from Shizuoka ) and in approximately 8.3% of Ryukyuan males (ranging from 5.3% in a sample from Miyako to 11.1% in a sample from Okinawa ).

O-K10
The majority of extant members of O-M176 belong to the subclade O-K10 (aka O-F3356 aka O-F1204). O-K10 (TMRCA 8,070 ybp according to TheYtree, 7,900 [95% CI 5,624 <-> 9,449] ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022, 7,457 (99% CI 9,434 - 5,789) years before present according to FamilyTreeDNA, 7,000 [95% CI 8,000 <-> 6,000] ybp according to YFull, or 6,970 years according to 23mofang ) subsumes the prolific subclades O-47z, which occurs with especially high frequency in Japan, and O-L682, which occurs with especially high frequency in Korea, in addition to the relatively rare subclades O-CTS10687, which has been found in Japan, Korea, and China, and O-K3, which has been found among Han Chinese mostly in South Central China. O-L682 and O-K3 are linked by 18 SNPs that define the O-K4 clade, and thus their members are more closely related to one another by paternal lineage than any of them is related to any member of O-47z or O-CTS10687.

O-F3356(x47z, L682) has been found in 2% (14/706) of a sample of Koreans collected in Seoul and Daejeon, South Korea. However, the status of these individuals' Y-DNA in regard to K4, K3, CTS10687, and phylogenetically equivalent SNPs has not been published.

O-CTS10687 has been found in 1.8% (1/56) of the JPT sample of Japanese from Tokyo, Japan.

O-47z
O-47z or O-CTS11986 is a subclade of O-K10. It is found with high frequency among the Japanese and Ryukyuan populations of Japan, and with lower frequency among Koreans.

Haplogroup O-47z has been detected in approximately 22% of males who speak a Japonic language, while it has not been found at all among Ainu males whose Y-DNA has been tested in two genetic studies (, n=16;, n=4). Based on the STR haplotype diversity within Haplogroup O-47z, it has been estimated in a study published in 2006 that this haplogroup has expanded from a single founder who has lived approximately 3,810 (95% CI 1,640 <–> 7,960) years before present in a model according to which continuous, pure exponential population growth is assumed. In a paper published in 2016, the time to most recent common ancestor of a set of fifteen members of the O-47z clade, all from the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, was estimated to be 4,500 years using a relatively slow mutation rate (μ = 0.76 x 10−9 per bp per year as according to Qiaomei Fu et al. 2014) or 3,900 years using a relatively fast mutation rate (μ = 0.888 x 10−9 per bp per year as according to A. Helgason et al. 2015). Haplogroup O-47z also has been found among samples of modern Koreans, though with low frequency in comparison to both the frequency of O-47z in samples of Japanese and the frequency of O-M176(x47z) in samples of Koreans.

Soon-Hee Kim et al. (2011) found haplogroup O-47z (DXYS5Y-Y2) in 8.89% (45/506) of a pool of samples from South Korea. O-47z was found in greatest proportion in the study's sample from the Gyeongsang region (10/84 = 11.9%), which is located in the southeast corner of the Korean Peninsula, and in least proportion in the study's sample from the Seoul-Gyeonggi region (8/110 = 7.3%), which is located on the west coast of the middle of the Korean Peninsula. Haplogroup O-47z also has been observed in a sample of Koreans in China (2/25 = 8.0%).

O-K4
O-K4 is a subclade of O-K10. It includes at least two subclades, O-L682 and O-K3, which have been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor approximately 6,327 (95% CI 4,575 <-> 7,762) years before present.

O-K3
The O-K3 (or O-F940) lineage is a subclade of O-K4 that has been observed to date in three individuals from Hunan, one individual from Jiangxi, and one individual from Henan. The TMRCA of the three individuals from Hunan plus the one individual from Jiangxi has been estimated to be 1,300 (95% CI 800 <-> 2,100) ybp.

O-L682
The O-L682 subclade of O-K4 is believed to be related to Native Korean population. One study has found O-L682 Y-DNA in 19% (134/706) of Koreans sampled in Seoul and Daejeon. O-L682 also has been found in Japanese in Tokyo, Okayama, Kōchi, and the US and in Chinese (especially in Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Liaoning, with a greater than average presence also in Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Tianjin, and Anhui, and with some presence in other areas, such as Shanxi, and among some ethnic minorities, such as Nanai people ). Its descendants appear to have begun rapidly increasing in number at approximately the same time as those of its distant cousin O-47z, perhaps 4,000 years ago.

Phylogenetic history
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Original research publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree. • α and

• β

• γ

• δ

• ε

• ζ

• η

Phylogenetic trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.
 * O1b2 (IMS-JST022454, L272.2, M176/Page63/SRY465, M302, P49, F1942/Page92)
 * O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
 * O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
 * O1b2a1a (F3356)
 * O1b2a1a1 (47z, CTS713, CTS11986)
 * O1b2a1a2 (F2868, F3110, K4)
 * O1b2a1a2a (L682)
 * O1b2a1a2b (F940, F1912, F3390)
 * O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687, F1813, F1800)
 * O1b2a1b (CTS562)
 * O1b2a2 (Page90)

Genetics
• Genetic genealogy

• Haplogroup

• Haplotype

• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

• Molecular phylogenetics

• Paragroup

• Subclade

• Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world

• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group

• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia

Y-DNA O subclades
• O-47z

• O-M101

• O-M113

• O-M117

• O-M119

• O-M121

• O-M122

• O-M134

• O-M159

• O-M162

• O-M164

• O-M175

• O-M176

• O-M50

• O-M7

• O-M88

• O-M95

• O-MSY2.2

• O-P31