Draft:KASOMARI MONOLITH

The Kasomari Pathar Monoliths, situated near the Dhanasiri River in Assam, hold a significant place in architectural history. While the precise dating of these monoliths is subject to some debate, it is widely believed that they were constructed during the 15th or 16th century by the contemporary Kachari rulers. These remarkable structures are ensconced within a flat, rectangular enclosure, encircled by a sturdy concrete boundary wall and gates, earning them the status of a protected site under the Archaeological Survey of India. The origin and purpose of the Kasomari Monoliths have long remained shrouded in mystery, adding to their intrigue. These ancient monolithic pillars may serve a dual purpose, either as memorials to the departed or as commemorations of significant memorial events.

This impressive assembly comprises thirty-five stone monoliths arranged in two rows, one aligned north-south at the front with eighteen monoliths, and another row at the back featuring seventeen. The majority of these monoliths resemble colossal chisels, their sharp edges pointing skyward. These rectangular, elongated stone artifacts reach heights of up to 15 feet above the ground. What truly sets some of the taller monoliths apart is the exquisite low relief carvings of both real and mythical creatures, as well as intricate floral patterns adorning their surfaces. However, not all the monoliths bear such ornate carvings, with some of the shorter ones remaining bereft of decorative elements.

The monolithic pillars at Kasomari Pathar bear striking similarities to the traditions seen in Dimapur, providing conclusive evidence of their association with the Kachari rulers who once held sway over the Deiyang Dhansiri valley, with their capital situated in Dimapur during the medieval period. Historically, the Kachari Kingdom, which ruled Dimapur before the Ahom invasion in the 16th century, played a significant role in the region. The Kacharis, encompassing various ethnic groups in the Brahmaputra valley, shared common languages and customs. Presently, the Bodos and Dimasas are the most prominent ethnic groups among the Kacharis. The clash between the Kachari Kingdom and the advancing Tai-Ahoms under Sukapha was almost inevitable as the latter extended their influence westward into the Brahmaputra valley. It was during the reign of the Kachari King Detsung, who ruled from 1513 to 1536 CE, that a significant historical event unfolded. In 1536, Dimapur came under attack by the Ahom forces, leading to the demise of King Detsung. This pivotal moment in history marked the decline of Dimapur as the Kachari capital, and the Kacharis subsequently established their new capital at Maibong.

Notably, the term 'Kachari' is a generic label applied by British ethnographers based on linguistic similarities, but it doesn't encompass all the Kachari groups, and historical records suggest the Dimasa as the ruling clan.

The Kasomari Monoliths stand out as unique structures, crafted from stones quarried at a considerable distance, transported with great effort, and then meticulously carved with exquisite designs. Given these exceptional efforts, it is logical to consider these monoliths as potential 'cenotaphs' dedicated to fallen Kachari war heroes. An alternative interpretation comes from archaeologist Rajmohan Nath, who views these pillars as triumphal monuments. According to Nath, these monoliths symbolize victory, with a prominent stone pillar representing the Kachari king and smaller triumphal pillars corresponding to the number of defeated chiefs. Regardless of the interpretation, the Kasomari Pathar Monoliths continue to captivate with their rich history and enigmatic allure.

ARCHITECTURE
The site contains thirty-five numbers of beautifully carved monolithic pillars. They are of two types; one is chessman type having circular shaft with hemispherical head carved with animal motifs and floral designs. The other one is sword type. These are made of huge stone slabs pointed at the top and flattened at bottom and gradually tapers in a soft curvature. Like a sword, two pairs of circular projections are providing at the lower end. The front surface of the group is carved with scroll and geometric designs. The tallest pillar was about 15 feet, and the smallest one was 8 feet and 5 inches. Most of these pillars were around 12 to 13 feet.

Only one of the monoliths ‘chessman’ pillar is huge phallic cylindrical stone artefacts intricately carved with ornamental patterns with an ornamental domed top. This monolith, about 12-13 feet tall, bears a striking resemblance to the ones that were discovered in the Kachari Royal Fort and Palace in Dimapur further to the south and which perhaps immediately helped even these to be identified as belonging to the same culture.

The slabs are carved with lotus patterns, naturalistic animals, and a conventional lion of the same family as Manipuri lions carved in the last century. The square pillars also bear the lotus and in one case a four-armed man. The pillars are hollow in the top.

MATERIAL USED
The material employed for Kasomari monolithic structures is sandstone, which was sourced, in all likelihood, from the Dhanasiri River.

DETAILING
In the intricate details of the Kasomari monoliths, a consistent theme emerges, with similar designs and patterns adorning all the pillars. Peacocks and horses are frequently portrayed, and decorative geometrical motifs, primarily in the form of wheels, are prominently featured. The lotus motif is a recurring element in the carved work across these monoliths.

These artistic expressions adhere to established principles found in the silpasastras, ensuring a level of artistic conformity. Notably, the "chessman" pillars are adorned with elaborate, elegant, and abundant depictions of birds, animals, spearheads, and more. In contrast, the ornamentation on the columns is generally more straightforward and understated.

INCIDENTS
The construction of the Kasomari Monoliths is intrinsically linked to a significant and poignant chapter in history—the clash between the Tai-Ahoms, and the Kachari Kingdom. This historical conflict unfolded as the Tai-Ahoms ventured into the Brahmaputra valley from the east, surmounting the Patkai, around the year 1228 AD.

At that time, the Kacharis were a preeminent Mongoloid population, uniting various groups that inhabited the vast expanse of the Brahmaputra valley. They shared a cultural continuum marked by common languages and customs. However, as the Tai-Ahoms, under Sukapha's leadership, solidified their presence and initiated a westward expansion, a confrontation became inevitable.

It was during the reign of the Kachari King Detsung, who ruled from 1513 to 1536 CE, that a significant historical event unfolded. In 1536, Dimapur came under attack by the Ahom forces, leading to the demise of King Detsung. This pivotal moment in history marked the decline of Dimapur as the Kachari capital, and the Kacharis subsequently established their new capital at Maibong.

TODAY
The Kasomari Monoliths, presently under the care of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), stand as silent witnesses to a rich and vibrant history. These monolithic pillars, with their intricate carvings and cultural significance, continue to engage with contemporary society in several ways.

Today, the Kasomari Monoliths serve as a tangible link to the past, offering a window into the historical, artistic, and cultural heritage of the Kachari Kingdom. They draw the attention of historians, archaeologists, and enthusiasts who explore the site to unravel the mysteries and stories etched in stone.

These monoliths also play a vital role in promoting tourism in the region. They are a source of pride and identity for the local population, as they represent the deep-rooted history and artistic achievements of the Kachari people. Tourists and visitors come to witness the beauty of the carvings, the historical context, and the serene environment surrounding the monoliths.