Draft:Kenneth Shapiro

Kenneth Joel Shapiro (August 24, 1943 –) is an American clinical psychologist, Human-Animal Studies (HAS) scholar, and career animal advocate. Born in Boston, MA in 1943, Shapiro went on to attend Harvard University, where he received a BA in American History and Literature, and later Duke University, where he earned his Ph.D. in Clinical and Personality Psychology. Shapiro cofounded Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PSYeta), a nonprofit organization devoted to the critique of lab-based animal research. In 2007, PSYeta morphed into the Animals & Society Institute (ASI), a think tank on human-animal relationships and issues related to our treatment of nonhuman animals.

Shapiro contributes to the development of the field of HAS as the founding editor of Society & Animals. , the cofounding editor of the Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Society, and the founding editor of the Brill Human-Animal Studies book series

Shapiro is also a contributor to interventions for the assessment and treatment of juveniles and adults who abuse animals through the development of the AniCare Approach.

He is the author of three books on animal issues – The identification, assessment and treatment of adults who abuse animals: The AniCare approach (2016); The assessment and treatment of children who abuse animals: The AniCare Child approach (2013); and Animal models of human psychology: A critique of science, ethics, and policy (1998). Shapiro has published articles on a wide range of animal and animal advocacy issues, including vegetarianism, animal advocacy, the state of HAS, methods of accessing the experience of other animals, future of zoos, and the effects of captivity on animal being.

Notable Contributions

 * Development of the field of Human-Animal Studies
 * Critique of laboratory-based animal research based on the actual impact of animal models on the relevant clinical interventions
 * Development of the AniCare Approach, a psychological intervention for the treatment of individuals who abuse animals
 * Development of phenomenological-based methods and their application to human-animal relationships

Academic Career
Beginning as a teaching assistance at Duke University in 1967, Shapiro has served as an instructor, lecturer, or assistant professor at a number of academic institutions, including SUNY's Upstate Medical University, Bates College, Arizona State University, and Sheffield City Polytechnic (UK).

Development of the Field of Human-Animal Studies
Shapiro has supported the development of the interdisciplinary field of Human-Animal Studies since the 1970s. In addition to launching and editing two academic journals and a book series, Shapiro’s projects included: an annual award for the best courses in partnership with the Humane Society of the United States (Animals and Society Course Awards, 1999-2012); financial and expertise support to a non-US university to build an academic HAS program (Human-Animal Studies International Development Project – recipients were Universities of Milan, Lisbon, Innsbruck, Cape Town, and Athens); residential summer institutes in HAS for graduate students and recent PhDs (2007-22– hosting universities were North Carolina State, Michigan State, Duke, Clark, Wesleyan, and Illinois at Champagne-Urbana).

Psychological Interventions for Individuals Who Abuse Animals
Shapiro developed psychological interventions for the assessment and treatment of juveniles and adults who abuse animals. The AniCare Model of Treatment for Animal Abuse is regarded as "the first published intervention for adults that engage in animal cruelty.” “AniCare Child…. is generally considered to be the gold standard for treating this behavior [animal abuse].” To date, he has co-led and/or organized 60 workshops in 22 states for clinical providers in social work, psychology, and counseling. BARK (Behavior, Accountability, Responsibility, and Knowledge), an asynchronous self-directed diversion intervention based on AniCare Adult, is under development.

Reviews of Laboratory-Based Animal Research Books
"Shapiro's book (Animal models of human psychology: A critique of science, ethics, and policy, Hogrefe and Huber, 1998 is a most welcome contribution… to the ongoing debate over the contribution that animal research has made to the treatment of disease in humans and animals”. Rejecting the emphasis in the debate on the degree of similarity or difference between an animal model and the targeted human phenomenon (“animal model fidelity” Shapiro stresses the actual influence of an animal model on the relevant clinical interventions. He also developed a scale measuring the invasiveness of laboratory procedures involving animals With Alan Bowd, he presented a critique of animal research in psychology.

Phenomenological Psychology
Shapiro has published two major works in phenomenological psychology: Bodily Reflective Modes: A phenomenological method for psychology, and The Experience of Introversion: An integration of phenomenological, empirical, and Jungian approaches  His contributions regarding methodology focus on the experience of the lived body (bodily reflective modes, metaphor-generation , and the problem of validation . In the area of animal issues, Shapiro applies this approach to studies of the lived experience of dogs , animal advocates, and vegetarians . Primary influences on Shapiro’s scholarship in this area are Merleau-Ponty, Gendlin, Giorgi, and Churchill.

Books
Shapiro, K. J. and Henderson, A. (2016). The identification, assessment and treatment of adults who

abuse animals: The AniCare approach. New York: Springer.

Shapiro, K. J., Randour, M., Krinsk, S., and Wolf, J. (2013). The assessment and treatment of children

who abuse animals: The AniCare Child approach. New York: Springer.

Shapiro, K. J. (1998). Animal models of human psychology: A critique of science, ethics, and policy.

Hogrefe and Huber.

_____ (1985). Bodily reflective modes: A phenomenological method for psychology, NC: Duke

University.

______and Alexander, I. (1975). The experience of introversion: An integration of phenomenological,

empirical, and Jungian approaches, NC: Duke University.

Book Chapters
Shapiro, K. (2018). Researching animal welfare and how to get published. In Cao, D. (Ed.). Scientific

Perspectives to Farm Animal Welfare (pp. 207-214). [Published in Chinese]. Beijing: China

Agricultural University Press.

Gupta, M., Lunghofer, L., and Shapiro, K. (2017). Interventions with animal abuse offenders. In

Maher, J., Pierpoint, H., and Beirne, P. (Eds). Palgrave International Handbook of Animal Abuse (pp.

497-519).

Shapiro, K. (2010). Psychology and human-animal studies: Roads not (yet) taken, in M. DeMello, Ed.,

Teaching the Animals: Human-Animal Studies across the Disciplines (pp. 254-280). Brooklyn: Lantern.

_____. (2008). A canine’s interest in monitoring and maintaining a relationship with a human, in J.

Ullrich, F. Weltzien, and H. Fuhlbrugge, Eds., Ich, das Tier: Tiere als Personlichkeiten in der

Kulturgeschichte (pp. 305-313). [Published in German]. Berlin: Reimer

. (2006). Animal experimentation, in A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science,

and Ethics, P. Waldau and K. Patton, eds. (pp.533 -543). NY: Columbia.

. (2002). A rodent for your thoughts: The Social construction of animal models, in Animals in

human histories, M. Henninger-Voss, ed. (pp. 439-470). Rochester NY: University of Rochester.

_____. (2000). Animal models: Epistemology, ethics, and relative value, in Progress in the reduction,

refinement, and replacement of animal experimentation, M. Balls, A. van Zeller, and Me. Halder, eds.

(pp. 1531-1551). NY: Elsevier.

_____. (2000). Evaluation of animal model research, in Progress in the reduction, refinement, and

replacement of animal experimentation, M. Balls, A. van Zeller, and Me. Halder, eds. (pp. 1441-

1451). NY: Elsevier.

. (1997). A phenomenological approach to the study of nonhuman animals, in

Anthropomorphism, anecdotes and animals, R. Mitchell and N. Thompson, eds. (pp. 277-296).

Albany: State University of New York.

. (1996). The caring sleuth: Portrait of an animal rights activist, in Beyond Animal Rights, C.

Adams and J. Donovan, eds. (pp. 126-146). New York: Continuum Press. Reprinted in The feminist

caring ethic for the treatment of animals. Donovan and C. Adams, eds. (2007; pp. 153-173). NY:

Columbia University.

Selected Articles
Shapiro, Kenneth J. (2020). Human-Animal Studies: Remembering the past, celebrating the present,

troubling the future. Society and Animals, 28, 797-833.

Shapiro, Kenneth J. (2015). “I am a vegetarian”: Reflections on a way of being. Society and Animals,

23, 128-147.

Shapiro, Kenneth J. and DeMello, Margo (2010). The State of Human-Animal Studies. Society and

Animals, 18, 307-318.

Ascione, Frank, and Shapiro, Kenneth. (2009). People and animals, kindness and cruelty: Research

directions and policy implications. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 3, 569-589. (Reprinted in Animals and

Society: The Israeli Journal for the Connection between People and Animals, 43, 2011, 3-15).

Shapiro, Kenneth J. (2004). Animal model research: the apples and oranges quandary. Alternatives

to laboratory animals, 6, 32 Suppl 1B, 405-9.

Shapiro, Kenneth J. (2003). What it is to be a dog: A qualitative method for the study of animals

other than humans. The Humanistic Psychologist, 31, 4, 67-96.

Shapiro, Kenneth J. (1994). The caring sleuth: Portrait of an animal rights activist, Society and

Animals, 2, 145- 167.

Bowd, Alan, and Shapiro, Kenneth J. (1993). The case against laboratory animal research in

psychology, Journal of Social Issues, 29, 1, 133-143. (Reprinted in Social problems in Canada: A

reader, Nelson &amp;amp; Flears, editors, Prentice-Hall, 1994. Also, in Taking sides: Clashing views on

controversial psychological issues, 9th edition, B. Slife, editor, Dushkin, 1996).

_____. (1990). Understanding dogs through kinesthetic empathy, social construction, and

history, Anthrozoos, 3, 3, 184-195. Reprinted in C. Flynn, Ed., Social Creatures: A Human and Animal

Studies Reader (pp. 31-49). NY: Lantern, 2008.

_____. (1990). Animal rights v. humanism: The charge of speciesism, Journal of Humanistic

Psychology, 30, 2, 9-37.

_____. (1989). The death of the animal: Ontological vulnerability and harm, Between the Species, 5,

4, 183-195.