Draft:Mohammed Khadda

Mohammed Khadda, an Algerian icon
Mohammed Khadda (Arabic: محمد الخدة; 14 March 1930 – 4 May 1991) was an Algerian painter, sculptor, and writer. Khadda has been considered to be among the founders of contemporary Algerian painting and one of the many representatives of the "sign painters.", as indicated by his nickname "peintre du signe" given by Jean Sénac. He debuted in 1960. His influences included Cubism and Arabic calligraphy. He tended toward the non-figurative or abstract. He represented a generation of Algerian artists who combined the ideas of calligraphic heritage and formal language of Western formal writing through Western abstraction through the 1950s.

Biography
Mohammed Khadda was born in 1930 in Mostaganem, when Algeria was still under the occupation of France. He was the eldest of five children, two of whom died while infants. His father, Bendehiba Khadda, was born in 1912 in the town of Mina and moved to Mostaganem at a very young age. Although Bendehiba was born blind, he held various occupations such as a bricklayer and a dock worker. Khadda’s mother, Nebi El Ghali was born in 1911 in Zemora, Algeria, a city near Tiaret. When she was a little girl, her parents were murdered by a settler tribe near where she lived. She, as Mohammed’s father, was also blind, but managed to adjust. Benedehiba and Nebi met in Mostaganem and were married in 1929.

In 1936, Mohammed Khadda attended a school in Tigditt, Mostaganem in an Arab neighborhood. In 1942, he and his family had to leave Mostaganem because of a famine in the area. The family moved to Tiaret and they moved in with his aunt. He could not receive any education at school durng that period of time either. It was miserable there because their aunt couldn’t provide for them due to her age. Three months later, he returned to Mostaganem and he went back to school. In 1944, he received a diploma from the school. His father wanted him to get a job as soon as he received his diploma, but one of his teachers gave him a year of respite so he did not have to settle for a job he did not enjoy. In 1944, Khadda found a job at a printing company, in the region of Ain Sefra. During the day, he would sketch patterns, then he would work on his paitings at night. Furthermore, he decided to take on a second job in the evening, binding books for different writers such as Omar Khayyam, Abdou Mohammed, Taha Hussein, Hafid, Jami, André Gide, André Breton, and Jean Cocteau. He was taught drawing, while attending classes that were payed by his superior.

In 1948, along with his dear friend Abdallah Benanteur, Mohammed Khadda explored the rich and various collections of art presented at the Musée des Beaux-Arts in the capital city Algiers, where he was able to find his first bits of inspiration as a future painter. He was mostly influenced by Eugène Delacroix, or Théodore Chassériau, who were know in France for their art that belonged to the Romanticism period.

During the years of resistance against the French, many artists including Khadda went and fought for the National Liberation Army. After finishing with the army, he settled down and his career as an artist slowly began.

In the early 1950s, while the Algerian resistance was intensifying itself, Khadda spent most of his time in the French capital city, Paris, along with Benanteur. Mohammed Khadda attended the Académie de la Grande Chaumière. While he learned more about art, he was also working at various print shops, and exploring the culture of Paris.

Khadda later became intensively involved in the Liberation of his country, and joined the French Communist party to stand for the Algerian Liberation, in 1953. While living in Paris, he was exposed to a diverse set of cultures, communities, traditions, which sharpened his artistic eye. Khadda was also part of the "Algerian Intellectual Circle" while living in France, and was said to be politically involved with the independantist movement of Algeria. This circle also enabled him to be exposed to diverse artists, in diverse fields, as well as contemporary thinkers. In 1963, he returned to Algeria, a year after its Liberation, where he lived in Blida. He pursued his career, and became a true influence and icon in the Algerian Culture.

He died in 1991, in Algiers, while he left behind him some of the most exquisite Algerian art of the 20th century, and the image of a cultural icon for the country.

Art
While working with palettes of earth tones and bright, pure colors, Khadda created tactile compositions that layer Arabic writing and calligraphy over atmospheric abstract canvases. Using calligraphy as the essential form of Art, while enhancing its visual features mostly constitutes part of the artistic chef d'oeuvres produced by Khadda, which is entitled Hurufiyah.

Mohammed Khadda was a self-taught painter of abstract compositions. Later on in his life, he was able to pursue further art education. Throughout part of his education, he worked along with his friend, Abdallah Benanteur. At the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Algiers and later on in Paris, Khadda was exposed to diverse forms of arts and cultures. His work illustrates these rich influences, which is one of many reasons for his success and importance in the Algerian culture.

As precized earlier, Mohammed Khadda used his voice, and his art as a tool for expressing politics, and making sure his political messages reached as many people as possible. His first major publication in his artistic career, Elements pour un Art nouveau, was published in 1966 and aimed to promote the reconstruction of Art in Algeria in a post-colonial society. He also participated to the art movement Aouchem (Arabic for tattoo), which was initiated in 1967, where artists would design Amazigh art, inspired by their emblematic, traditional tattoos that the Amazigh community wears.

In 1947, Khadda met Abdallah Benantaur, an artist born in Mostaganem a year after Khadda was born. After their encounter, Khadda enrolled in an École des Beaux-arts [College of Fine Arts] where he learned different art techniques such as watercolors, pastels, and paintings. He continued to expand on his painting techniques by painting scenes of meetings in bookstores and flea markets. In 1948, he and Benantaur went to visit a friend in a hospital sanatorium. It was during this visit that Khadda saw the Museum of Fine Arts where he was inspired by paintings by Eugène Delacroix, Eugène Fromentin, Théodore Chassériau, and Nasreddine Dinet. He was also influenced by sculptures by Auguste Rodin and Antoine Bourdelle.

In 1953, like many other artists from Africa, Mohammed Khadda traveled to Paris, France to continue his education. During that time, he studied under Pablo Picasso and learned the styles of Cubism which greatly influenced his art. He spent a decade in Europe before returning to Algeria. After returning, he worked to set up an art community in Algeria for young aspiring artists to hone their potential skills. In 1964, he and others established the National Union of the Visual Arts. Khadda established the Sign Painters and School of the Sign in 1967. He also illustrated books for Rachid Boudjedra, Tahar Djaout, and others. In 1964, he became member of the Union Nationale des Arts Plastiques (The National Union of Plastic Arts) founded in 1963, under the patronage of the Ministry of Culture and Information, and the Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front). In 1972, he resigned from his printing job, and dedicated the rest of his life to painting. Since then, the contribution of Mohammed Khadda in the cultural politics of Algeria was considerable. He was appointed as advisor to the Ministry of Culture’s graphic arts sector in 1979, and became a member of the Conseil National de la Culture (National Council of Culture) in 1990.

Important movements

 * Mohammed Khadda was involved in many art movements and organizations throughout his career that have and will continue to influence art in Africa and the rest of the world. Some of these include:
 * National Union of the Visual Arts, 1967
 * Aouchem (Arabic for tattoo) Art Movement, 1967
 * School of Sign, 1967
 * "Sign Painters"
 * Created over 70 murals in the 1970s
 * Fought with the National Liberation Army during French Resistance

Tribute
On March 14, 2020, Google celebrated his 90th birthday with a Google Doodle.