Draft:Pakistani Involvement in the Arab-Israeli Wars

Throughout the Arab-Israeli Wars, Pakistan was directly involved militarily mostly by aerial combat. The Pakistan Air Force was participated in aerial combat during the Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War, with Pakistani pilots flying Jordanian and Syrian aircraft. The most notable of these pilots is Sattar Alvi.

Background
Ever since the independence of both Israel and Pakistan, relations were tense. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan was very vocal in his support of the Arabs and a Palestinian state. In 1945, Jinnah stated,

Just a few days after the Partition of India, Jinnah sent a delegation to Cairo under Abdur Rehman Siddiqui to participate in the Inter-Parliamentary World Congress on Palestine. Alongside this, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, Pakistan's first foreign minister who also represented Pakistan at the United Nations, called the Balfour Declaration illegitimate, and rejected the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.

Attempt to establish ties
In May 1948 upon the independence of the State of Israel, David Ben-Gurion contacted Jinnah in an attempt to establish diplomatic ties between Israel and Pakistan, however he received no response.

Beginning of Pakistani support to the Arab states
In 1952, Muhammad Zafarullah Khan began to promote state policies against Israel and an approach of friendliness and aid to the Arab states. Khan advocated for Pakistan's continued support to the Palestinians, and this laid the groundwork for Pakistan's foreign policy to the Arab world.

1948 Arab-Israeli War
Although the Pakistani government did not directly intervene in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War or send any volunteers, it was rumored that Pakistan was planning to send military units to Palestine. The Israeli embassy in Washington D.C. received information that Pakistan had purchased 250,000 rifles from Czechoslovakia that were to be sent to the Arabs, and that Pakistan had purchased three military aircraft in Italy for Egypt.

Six-Day War
In 1967, Pakistan sent volunteer pilots to the Arab states amidst the Six-Day War, with the most notable of these being Flight Lieutenant Saiful Azam, a Pakistani (later Bangladeshi) pilot who was sent to Jordan in November 1966 as an advisor to the Royal Jordanian Air Force. Azam holds the highest shooting record of Israeli Air Force aircraft until today. Nur Khan, commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Air Force from 1965 to 1969 also participated in the Six-Day War, witnessing dogfights and being remembered by Israeli pilots for his adept aerial skills.

Ezer Weizman, Commander of the Israeli Air Force and former President of Israel once remarked about Nur Khan in his autobiography that, "He was a formidable fellow and I was glad that he was Pakistani and not an Egyptian".

Saiful Azam's engagements
At the outbreak of the Six-Day War, Azam was stationed in Jordan as an advisor to the Royal Jordanian Air Force. Azam scored a victory against one Dassault Mystère IV while flying a Hawker Hunter, as apart of the No. 1 Squadron of the RJAF, which was defending the Mafraq airbase. Azam shot another Dassault Mystère IV however it aborted, trailing with smoke. A day later, Azam was shifted to H-3 Iraqi Air Force base in western Iraq that was struck by the Israelis, and where he shot down an Israeli Vautour IIA and Dassault Mirage III. Azam is credited for saving both Iraqi and Jordanian air bases from destruction and suffering the same fate as the Egyptian Air Force. In 2000, Azam would be recognized by the United States Government as one of the top 20 greatest flying aces.

Yom Kippur War
During the Yom Kippur War, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the Prime Minister of Pakistan sought to maintain close and friendly relations with the Arab world, and so sent Pakistani volunteers to Egypt and Syria. Flight Lieutenant Arif Manzoor was squadron leader of the Pakistani pilots that were volunteers of the Syrian Air Force. Manzoor adopted a call-sign known as "Shahbaz" as a call-sign for the flying formation for the Pakistani pilots.

Sattar Alvi
Sattar Alv was a Pakistani flight lieutenant who volunteered for the Syrian Air Force alongside Manzoor in 1973. On April 26th, 1974, Alvi was flying a SAF MiG-21F-13 (Serial No. 1863) on deputation to the No. 67A Squadron of the SAF out of Dumayr Air Base, Syria, in an eight-ship formation with a fellow PAF pilot and the flight leader, Squadron Leader Arif Manzoor. Manzoor was apprised of the presence of two Israeli Phantom aircraft while patrolling the Israeli border at the Golan Heights, and believed these to be decoys while two others from the opposite direction could be the real threat. These Phantom aircraft were allegedly operating out of Ramat David Airbase and were on a reconnaissance mission. Alvi was last in his formation and so was the most open target. Heavy radio jamming by Israeli ground stations made communication difficult, which meant that Alvi was unable to communicate with his squadron. Captain Lutz, the apparent Israeli wingman that was engaging Alvi was downed by Alvi, and as another Phantom approached Alvi, it disengaged and flew back across the Israeli border. Captain Lutz was supposedly killed in the dogfight, although he is not listed as a casualty of war by the Israeli Ministry of Defense.

In an interview with The Centrum Media in 2022, Alvi recalled,In August 2023, the Syrian embassy in Islamabad awarded Alvi with the Medal of Bravery alongside a Certificate of Commemoration.

1982 Lebanon War
During the 1982 Lebanon War, 50 Pakistani volunteers for the PLO were captured by the Israel Defense Forces and taken prisoner.

Outcome
7 Israeli Air Force aircraft were reported down in total, while Pakistani losses are unknown. Despite the successes Pakistani pilots faced in the air, the Arabs did not face such successes on the ground. The Israelis became victorious in the Six-Day War and Yom Kippur War. Saiful Azam and Sattar Alvi were commemorated for their action and service during both wars respectively, and received gallantry awards. Pakistani involvement in the Arab-Israeli Wars only worsened the relations between the two nations, and encouraged Israel to back and aid India in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, in which Pakistan was decisively defeated in and signed the Instrument of Surrender.