Draft:Progress Studies



Progress studies is an intellectual movement focused on "figuring out why progress happens and how to make it happen faster." The movement was formalized by a 2019 article for The Atlantic entitled "We Need a New Science of Progress" by Tyler Cowen and Patrick Collison.

The movement examines progress in standards of living through the lens of science, technology, economics, history, philosophy and culture. It includes work on the definition and measurement of progress, as well policies and programs aimed at improving the rate of technological innovation. .

Progress studies has influenced broader political discourse, notably in the United States of America. New York Times columnist Ezra Klein wrote, in response to Cowen and Collison's article, "the questions animating progress studies aren’t mere academic exercises; they are central to understanding how we can bring about a better future for all." In a subsequent article about supply-side progressivism, Klein wrote that progressive politics "requires a movement that takes innovation as seriously as it takes affordability."

Following publication of the article, Cowen and Collison were hosted by Mark Zuckerburg for a podcast. Around the same time, Jason Crawford committed full-time to his popular blog ‘The Roots of Progress’, calling for “a clearer understanding of the nature of progress, its causes, its value and importance, how we can manage its costs and risks, and ultimately how we can accelerate progress while ensuring that it is beneficial to humanity”. Elsewhere, the online magazine ‘Works in Progress’ was established by Sam Bowman, Saloni Dattani, Ben Southwood and Nick Whitaker in 2020, “dedicated to sharing new and underrated ideas to improve the world”. The publication was later purchased by Stripe Press in 2022. Alec Stapp and Caleb Watney founded the ‘Institute for Progress’ think tank in 2021, a “non-partisan research and advocacy organization dedicated to accelerating scientific, technological, and industrial progress while safeguarding humanity’s future”.

The scientific revolution
During the Scientific Revolution, Sir Francis Bacon was one of the earliest known published thinkers who believed that we should examine all aspects of the world scientifically so that we can learn how to make gradual improvements. Through the seventeenth century, empirical science was done with telescopes and microscopes, with advances made by Gallileo, Robert Hooke, Jan Swammerdam, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Flamsteed, Halley, and others.

Natural theology
in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century, scientific writing started to be more widely read and written due to the influence of people such as John Ray and William Derham. In the eighteenth century natural theology became predominant across Europe: it had become a religious, especially Protestant, imperative to study nature, God's creation. Historian Nicholas Spencer writes, "The book of nature offered a clearer, less contentious and more secure foundation for true belief." At the end of the century, Robert Boyle left money to endow the Royal Society where discussions could be held about how empirical science could prove the truths of Christianity. Although there was much activity, there were fewer accomplishments, and in 1726 Jonathan Swift mocked the Royal Academy's lack of practical achievements in Gulliver's Travels.

Historian Robert Nisbet posits that the religious culture of England became the driving force behind important elements of progress, empiricism and capitalism: "the rise and spread through intellectual England of Puritanism in the seventeenth century is the preeminent intellectual event of the century." Scientists such as Isaac Newton were also strongly religious. Nisbet claims that the Puritans were the first to bring together the idea of Greek-style progress through arts and science, and the Christian idea of progress through personal spiritual fulfillment and millenarianism.

The industrial revolution
After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the effects of the industrial revolution and resulting improvements in agricultural yield began. The next century saw both economic and democratic growth. According to the Cato Institute's Human Progress project, between 1820 and 1914, per-person inflation-adjusted GDP rose by 127 percent. Life expectancy rose from 41 to 53 years in Great Britain and 39 to 58 years in Sweden.

During this time, knowledge was codified, notably through the development of Linnaeus's taxonomy, the French and English dictionaries, the Encyclopédie, and documentation of the explorations of James Cook. In 1795 Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind by Marquis de Condorcet was published. Condorcet argued that the growth of empirical knowledge would lead to more freedom, affluence, and compassion. Other influential eighteenth century writers in this area include philosopher and economist Adam Smith, and utilitarian William Godwin. Godwin's wife Mary Wollstonecraft advocated for feminism in 1792 with A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Later in the nineteenth century John Stuart Mill, with the help and influence of Harriet Taylor published The Subjection of Women and advocated for legal equality between the sexes. Mill also developed and codified the system of utilitarianism which had been established by Jeremy Bentham, advocated for the use of contraception, and argued in favour of improving education.

Modern perspectives on growth and progress
Modern writers and thinkers have had conflicting perspectives on growth, particularly population growth, and human progress. In 1968 insect scientist Paul Ehrlich published The Population Bomb, a widely read book that predicted mass human famine in the 1970s due to overpopulation. In this context, thinkers such as Julian Simon pushed back, arguing that population growth increases economic and material abundance with his 1980 publication in Science Magazine, Resources, population, environment: an oversupply of false bad news, which he expanded upon in his 1981 book, The Ultimate Resource. In the 1990s, statistician Hans Rosling developed quantitative methods to illustrate trends showing improvements to human health and welfare despite population growth.

In 2018, cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker wrote Enlightenment Now, detailing empirical progress in human health, wealth, violent crime, technology, and entertainment observed since the Enlightenment, to add to the body of literature countering the common misconception that human progress has been reversing. Critics say that Pinker does not adequatly address growing inequality and that the original Enlightenment thinkers were often anti-progress and pro-scientific-racism.

Ideas
Progress studies blogger Jason Crawford has said, "Progress is anything that helps human beings live better lives: longer, happier, healthier, in mind, body, and spirit." According to Our World in Data, "More than 9 out of 10 people do not think that the world is getting better." This is despite the considerable progress made along metrics such as poverty and health over the past century. Progress Studies advocates optimism for the future, in contrast with movements such as Extinction Rebellion.

Growth
The progress studies movement often emphasises that the two sides of progress, technology and moral, scientific and cultural, economic and political, are interdependent. In Stubborn Attachements, Tyler Cowen wrote:

"...growth alleviates misery, improves happiness and opportunity, and lengthens lives. Wealthier societies have better living standards, better medicines, and offer greater personal autonomy, greater fulfillment, and more sources of fun."

Cowen acknowledges that GDP is imperfect and proposes the idea of Wealth Plus, which takes into account leisure, household production, and environmental amenities.

The great stagnation
Advocates of progress studies argues that these trends must not be taken for granted. In the last hundred-and-fifty to two-hundred years, unprecedented improvements have taken place in life expectancy, literacy, child mortality, and poverty. But the exceptional period of economic growth from 1870-1970 was an outlier in human history. As Paul Krugman said in 1996, "By any reasonable standard, the change in how America lived between 1918 and 1957 was immensely greater than the change between 1957 and the present."

A key theory informing the development of progress studies is the stagnation thesis. Stagnationists like economist Tyler Cowen and venture capitalist Peter Thiel have warned that rapid recent advances in software, the 'world of bits', have obscured a slowdown in scientific discovery and technological innovation outside of digital life, the ‘world of atoms’. Pinker, Cowen and Thiel warn that both a cohesive philosophy and deliberate effort is necessary to address the decline and build a more abundant future.

A strong philosophical influence on the progress community is the stagnation hypothesis. Tyler Cowen argued that, while America remained rich and prosperous, this wealth masked a slowdown in the rate of innovation in science and technology since World War 2, eroding overall American welfare:

Inequality
This matters to progress studies because too much emphasis on the negative side effects of change can jeopardise future progress. Historically, it is “striking how unevenly distributed progress has been”. . This shows that progress does not happen automatically, nor does it advance in a linear fashion. Rather, progress is the result of intentional effort by motivated people and organizations who see “progress as a moral imperative” (22). To develop a new philosophy of progress, the progress community asks foundational questions. These include: what is progress? Why does progress take so long, and how can it happen faster? What kinds of individuals and organizations have, and can, deliver progress?

"'When I look back at the last decade, I think the following: There are some very wealthy people, but a lot of their incomes are from financial innovations that do not translate to gains for the average American citizen.'"

In his more recent book Stubborn Attachments, Cowen has refined these claims. He emphasizes the moral imperative of economic growth, which raises standards of living and welfare. Broad-based innovation that is accessible to regular individuals is crucial to have broad-based economic growth.

Health and longevity
A relatively large healthy adult population is necessary to maintain economic growth. Recent advances in this area include a malaria vaccine, shown in a pilot run in Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi to have the potential to reduce 13% of childhood deaths. Vaccines that largely help people in developing countries are difficult to fund, and Saloni Dattani, Rachel Glennerster, and Siddhartha Haria write that using financial structures such as the advance market commitment could have sped up the development of this vaccine, which can potentially save 600,000 lives a year.

Two thirds of human deaths are due to aging-related causes. Some scientists posit that human aging may be related to loss of epigenetic information, and potentially slowed. Human lifespan in developed countries has increased without as much of an increase in healthspan, and by one estimate, allowing older adults to remain healthy and part of the workforce could save as much as half the American federal budget. Longevity research includes increasing individual healthspan, as well as addressing causes of death and life quality deterioration such as pandemics and dementia.

Ecomodernism
Progress studies also advocates for ecomodernism, which argues that "humans can protect nature and improve human wellbeing by decoupling human development from environmental impacts." The ecomodernist manifesto states that:

"Human civilization can flourish for centuries and millennia on energy delivered from a closed uranium or thorium fuel cycle, or from hydrogen-deuterium fusion. With proper management, humans are at no risk of lacking sufficient agricultural land for food."

Alongside this, ecomodernism sees many risks to the environment, such as climate change, ocean acidification, and ozone depletion. By decoupling human progress from environmental impact, environmental damage can be improved. One example is through the use of cities. The manifesto states, "cities both drive and symbolize the decoupling of humanity from nature, performing far better than rural economies in providing efficiently for material needs while reducing environmental impacts." Improving human lives and mitigating environmental damage are both technical challenges and both rely on increased amounts of energy production and that the energy produced is clean and renewable. "In the long run, next-generation solar, advanced nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion represent the most plausible pathways toward the joint goals of climate stabilization and radical decoupling of humans from nature."

Metascience
Improving processes and outcomes of scientific research is one area of focus within Progress Studies. While the number of research dollars, scientists, papers, and patents have been increasing over the years, the degree of innovation has been decreasing by some measures of patent quality and recent Nobel prizes. Factors such as a decline in the availability of open-access scientific publications and peer review turnaround for papers, may be contributing to the decline. Other researchers report that peer review scoring is not an accurate way of predicting which grants will be the most productive.

Science writer and researcher (and Works in Progress cofounder) Saloni Dattani advocates for governments and international organizations to foster more widespread collection of public health data across different countries, the testing of more interventions in parallel during randomized controlled trials,, recruiting industry experts to contribute to scientific endeavors, reforming the peer review process, and greater data transparency from scientists Economists Heidi Williams and Paul Niehaus have argued that scientific practise could be improved with institutional support to amplify top-performers' work, and with incubation grants allowing institutions to "partner with academic researchers in trying to integrate research into operationalizing and scaling effective interventions."

In response to the replication crisis, Spencer Greenberg and his team at Clearer Thinking have been replicating psychology studies published in prestigious journals, since 2022.

Energy and the environment
Proponents of Progress Studies tend to be supportive of building energy infrastructure, particularly for renewables like nuclear, wind, and solar, believing that energy abundance encourages economic growth and human progress. This is in contrast to the idea of degrowth, where people decrease consumption in order to protect the environment.

Stagnation has been partly attributed to lack of energy by J. Storrs Hall, who notes that energy consumption flatlined in the early 1970s, before the OPEC crisis. Matt Yglesias wrote in 2021 that this "energy diet" was holding back innovation and that "we want to generate vastly more energy than we are currently using and make it zero carbon." Economist Ryan Avent explains: "The difference between the sci-fi futures people imagined a half century ago and the present as we live it—similar to the past, but we all have pocket computers—is an energy gap."

Housing
Proponents of progress studies tend to be aligned with YIMBY policies, believing that a shortage of housing in major cities limits economic growth. In Britain, former hedge fund manager and British YIMBY leader John Myers, along with policy analysts Ben Southwood and Sam Bowman, have suggested a "Housing Theory of Everything", which states that a wide range of problems -- "slow growth, climate change, poor health, financial instability, economic inequality, and falling fertility" -- could be improved by fixing the housing shortage. Ezra Klein has also written about YIMBY as a part of supply-side progressivism.

Criticisms
Critics note that human progress is already the aim of many disciplines, and that progress often comes with costs, such as environmental damage.