Draft:Stanley Heckadon Moreno

Stanley Philip Heckadon-Moreno (9 October, 1943) is a Panamanian-American anthropologist, conservationist, writer and educator. He is an active advocate of preserving the natural environmental of indigenous communities in Central America. His work has contributed to the creation of many national parks and legislation dedicated to conservation of Central American jungles.

He is presently employed at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), where he supervises the Galeta Point Marine Laboratory. Together with volunteers he is working to digitize all the information he has gathered over the years, while still researching notable individuals in Central American history.

Early life
Stanley Heckadon-Moreno was born on 9 October 1943 in Puerto Armuelles, Panama as an only child to American Mennonite farmer Philip Stanley Heckadon and Manuela ´Nenga´ Moreno Caballero. His parents emigrated to Panama during the Great Depression (before Heckadon-Moreno was born) to work on the banana plantations of the Chiqiruí Land Company. Manuela was a teacher at the first public school in Puerto Armeulles, Tomás Armuelles School, as well as a female rights activist. In 1957 she became an English professor at the University of Panama, after seven years of night classes at the Manuel Amador Guerrero Center in Chorrillo. With her degree she taught English at the Felix Olivares School in David.

Heckadon-Moreno grew up in the remote jungle on banana plantations. He spent most summers at the farm of his maternal grandparents Aurelio Moreno and Josefa Caballero de Moreno. As Chirican peasants who survived the Thousand Days' War, they emigrated in 1905 to the Chiriquí Viejo River territory. Heckadon-Moreno was taught to fish, gather and process natural resources, navigate rivers, work the farmland, handle farm animals and swim.

There were three incidences during his childhood where Heckadon-Moreno contracted malaria, the final instance proving to be almost fatal. His parents divorced, and his mother decided at that point to move to Panama City, Panama so that her son could receive better healthcare and education.

Childhood
Stanley Heckadon-Moreno attended the Javier School in the San Felipe (currently Casco Viejo), Panama from 1950 to 1958.

He attended the San Vicente de Paúl School in David, Panama from 1958 to 1960.

Undergraduate education
Heckadon-Moreno studied engineering and medicine for a year at Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, California. However, he discovered that he was not passionate about these topics. Encouraged by his peers, Heckadon-Moreno attended an anthropology course at the college where he subsequently found his calling. His good academic performance awarded him a spot as an anthropology student at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

The night before his final exam in his final undergraduate year, the Vietnam War broke out. As an American citizen, Heckadon-Moreno was drafted to serve in the army. Due to moral reasons, he decided not to fight and fled the USA to Central America.

On recommendation of his former professor, Heckadon-Moreno applied to finish his anthropology degree at the University of Los Andes, Bogotá in Columbia. He wrote to the founder of the anthropology program at the university, dr. Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff. He was allowed to validate his subjects, and with a loan from the Institute for the Training and Use of Human Resources (IFARHU) graduated with a BA in 1970. His field work and thesis was on the economic system of the fishing community living in San Bernardo Islands in Colombia.

Postgraduate education
On scholarship from the British Overseas Council, Heckadon-Moreno received his MA in Sociology in 1973 from the University of Essex, UK.

Heckadon-Moreno was able to return to the University of Essex in 1979 with a scholarship from the Ford Foundation to obtain his doctorate in Sociology. He defended his thesis ¨Panama´s expanding cattle front: The Santeno Campesinos and the Colonizaton of the Forests¨ in 1983.

Career
Throughout his lifetime, Stanley Heckadon-Moreno studied Central American indigenous communities. His research on the relationship between the natural environment and indigenous communities have helped form environmental policies. These policies have led to the creation of national parks across Central America.

Panamanian indigenous communities
At the end of his bachelor´s degree at Los Andes, Heckadon-Moreno travelled home from Colombia to Panama on the Magdalena River. During his trip he had close contact with many local indigenous communities living along the river. Heckadon-Moreno was fascinated by the relationship that these communities had with their natural environments, which ultimately became a focus for his career.

The General Directorate of Community Development (DIGEDECOM) in Panama created a new office Indigenous Affairs in 1970. They hired Heckadon-Moreno in his capacity as anthropologist to study the indigenous communities and their living conditions. For two years, he toured Panamanian indigenous areas by foot, horse, canoe, helicopters and small airplanes. He found a shocking lack or little access to poor quality education and healthcare. Road infrastructure was also poor or lacking, leading to dangerous conditions during harsh weather. He reported his findings to his superiors, but it was not well received. Concerned that nothing would be done with his findings and at the lack of awareness of the extreme poverty, Heckadon-Moreno contacted the journalist Emilio Sinclair from La Estrella de Panamá. Heckadon-Moreno subsequently lost his job at the DIGEDECOM.

Preserving the natural environment in the Panama Canal Zone
The El Niño in 1982 to 1983 was internationally devastating, and in Panama caused severe droughts. Heckadon-Moreno led the Task Force on the Panama Watershed to evaluate the Panama Canal Watershed. A group of 175 experts from various state and academic institutions, as well as business leaders and environmental organizations were tasked with determining the relationship between national development and the Chagres River basin. The government wanted to replace the native jungles with pastures. Heckadon-Moreno theory that this action would undermine would destroy the natural diversity and endanger the quality of the land through degradation of soil, sedimentation of rivers and monopolization of land. According to Heckadon-Moreno, this would result in more poverty and a great loss of potential revenue through tourism.

The formal recommendation of the workgroup was to protect over 200,000 acres of jungle surrounding the Chagres, Pequeni and Boquerón rivers.

National parks
Heckadon-Moreno can be credited with playing a role in the establishment of many national parks across Central America:


 * Soberania National Park, Panama
 * Chagres National Park, Panama
 * Metropolitan Natural Park, Panama
 * Camino de Cruces National Park, Panama
 * Darién National Park, Panama
 * La Amistad International Park, Panama and Costa Rica

Tropical Argonomic Center for Research and Teaching, Costa Rica
In 1986, Heckadon-Moreno became a principal social scientist at the Tropical Argonomic Center for Research and Teaching (CATIE) in Costa Rica. His research was focused on the small farmer communities in Central America and the Caribbean in the form of social forestry projects.

Heckadon-Moreno´s reputation as an environmental conservationist gave him the opportunity to lead a project by the International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Central America. This project was focused on determining the state of the environment of Costa Rica at that time. His findings were presented within the framework of the 1988 XVII General Assembly in Costa Rica. This assembly was witnessed by more than thousand international delegates. The Paseo Pantera (Mesoamerican Biological Corridor) was created here, in order to safeguards the rainforests in the Caribbean from Belize to Panama.

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama
Heckadon-Moreno first became associated as an anthropologist with the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in 1983. Since 2000 he has worked to uncover the stories of various notable individuals, mainly naturalists, who lived and worked in 18th and 19th century Central America:


 * Tadeo Ahaenke (a.k.a. Thaddäus Haenke) (1761-1816), a Czech botanist.
 * Paul H. Allen (1911–1963), an American botanist.
 * Enrique Arcé, a Guatemalan naturalist who studied birds in Central America. His work was vital for the publication of the Biologia Centrali-Americana by naturalist Osbert Salvin and zoologist Frederick DuCane Goldman.
 * Thomas Barbour (1884-1946), an American herpetologist.
 * Charles M. Breder (1897-1983), an American zoologist who studied fish, amphibians and reptiles in the 1924 rubber expedition led by explorer Richard Marsh. The expedition through the Panamanian jungle started in Darién and ended in Guna Yala (formerly San Blas).
 * Wilmot Brown Jr., an American naturalist who collected birds and mammals in Panama from 1900 to 1904 during the War of a Thousand Days. Brown´s daughter married Heckadon-Moreno´s uncle, making them related by marriage.
 * George C. Champion (1851-1927), a British entomologist who studied primarily beetles in Panama.
 * Frank Chapman (1864-1945), an American ornithologist.
 * George Proctor Cooper, an expert in tropical forests who led the Yale Forestry School Expedition 1926-28 through Bocas del Toro and Chiriqui.
 * Eugene Eisenmann (1906-1981), a Panamanian-American ornithologist.
 * Enrico Festa
 * Edward Goldman (1873-1946), an American naturalist.
 * Ludlow Griscom
 * John H. Hart
 * Samuel Hildebrand
 * Seth Meek
 * Henri Francoise Pittier (1857-1950), a Swiss botanist who performed research from 1887 to 1916 throughout Central America, specifically Costa Rica and Panama.
 * C.W. Powell
 * George H. Pring
 * Sebastián López Ruiz
 * Berthold Carl Seemann (1825-1871), a German botanist who published the first book on Panamanian flora. He explored the Pacific Coast of Central America from 1846 to 1851, mostly aboard the British Navy vessel the HMS Herald.
 * Paul Standley
 * Julian Steyermark
 * Joseph von Warscewicz (a.k.a. Józef Warszewicz) (1812-1866), a Polish botanist who explored the Isthmus of Panama from 1948 to 1951. He was a collector of tropical plants (particularly orchids), hummingbirds, amphibians and reptiles.
 * Alexander Wetmore
 * Jenny C. White del Bal (1835-1876), a New York born upper class woman who moved to Santiago, Panama with her husband in 1863. The country was in the midst of a Civil War at this time. Jenny wrote letters to her family containing valuable information about how life was lived at that time. She performed great deeds of humanitarian and social work, leaving behind a lasting legacy when she died of yellow fever. She is remembered as "the Angel of Santiago" and her life was lauded in The New York Times under the title "Death of a Noble Woman".
 * R.S. Williams
 * Robert Woodson
 * James Zetek

Station Director of Galeta Point Marine Laboratory, Colón
Since 2000, Heckadon-Moreno has led the Galeta Point Marine Laboratory on Galeta Island in Colón, Panama as staff scientist and station director. Galeta Point was formerly a military communications station during World War II and the Cold War for the USA. It became the first Caribbean marine lab by the STRI in 1964. Galeta Point serves as a research center for marine and coastal ecosystems, as well as an outreach center with a focus teaching and preserving the local marine environment.

Personal life
Stanley Heckadon-Moreno married Canadian Sonia Martinelli Tono in 1976. Together they have two children.

Publications
Stanley Heckadon-Moreno has published extensively. Most writings are originally in Spanish or English and some have been digitized and are free to access.


 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (1973). Los Asentamientos Campesinos: Una Experienca Panameña en Reforma Agraria. Ministerio de Planificatión y Política Económica.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley, & McKay, A. (1982). Colonización y destrucción de bosques en Panamá: ensayos sobre un grave problema ecológico. Asociación Panameña de Antropología.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (1983). Cuando se acaban los montes : los campesinos santeños y la colonización de Tonosi. Editorial Universitaria Panamá. Panama´s expanding cattle front: The Santeno Campesinos and the Colonization of the Forests. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Essex
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (1984).
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley, Espinosa González, J. (1985). Agonía de la naturaleza: ensayos sobre el costo ambiental del desarrollo panameño.. Panamá: Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (1986). La Cuenca del Canal de Panamá. Actas de los Seminarios Talleres. Panamá: Impretex
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (1990). Madera y Leña de Las Milpas: Los Viveros Comunales: Una Alternativa para el Desarrollo Forestal en el Salvador. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza.


 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (1993). Agenda Ecologica y Social Para Bocas del Toro. Paseo Pantera and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (1994). Panamá en sus usos y costumbres. Editorial Universitaria Panamá.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley, Ibáñez D., Roberto and Condit, Richard S. (1999). La Cuenca Del Canal: Deforestación, Urbanización y Contaminación. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (1997). Spanish rule, independence, and the modern colonization frontiers. In: Coates, Anthony G., Central America: A Natural and Cultural History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 177-214.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (1998). Naturalistas Del Istmo De Panamá : Un Siglo De Historia Natural Sobre El Puente Biológico De Las Américas. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Fundación Santillana para Iberoamérica.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2001). Panamá : puente biológico : las Charlas Smithsonian del Mes, 1996-1999. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2004). Naturalists of the Isthmus of Panama. A Hundred Years of Natural History on the Biological Bridge of the Americas. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2006), Selvas Entre Dos Mares . Expediciones Cientificas al Istmo de Panama, siglos XVIII-XX. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2007). Cuando se acaban los montes. Panamá: Editorial Universitaria.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2009). De Selvas a Potreros: La Colonización Santeña en Panamá: 1850-1980. Exedra Books, Panamá.
 * Heckadon Moreno, Stanley. (2011). A Creole from Bocas del Toro: The story of Carlos Reid. Panama: ExedraBooks.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2012). El último río del último pueblo. In: Chen Barría, José, Ser Chiricano. David, Panamá: Impresos Modernos, S.A, pp.103-120.

EPOCAS publications
In 1995, Heckadon-Moreno began writing for EPOCAS. His series of monthly articles are on the topic of natural history in Panama.

Panamá América publications
Heckadon-Moreno has published articles for the newspaper Panamá América since 2014.


 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, January 9). La Junta Grande de Baile de lago Gatún.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, February 12). Ciprián: Suelos y cultivos en lago Gatún.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, April 8). La Batería Morgan, el pirata y el taxista.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, May 18). Cuatro cajas de Pachitas.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, June 9). Mi primera charla a bordo.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, June 24). El Pintor y La Modelo.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, July 14). El maestro de los ´diablos rojos´.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, July 28). El bautizo de los ´diablos rojos´.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, August 14). Agustina, una campesina del Lago Gatún.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, September 15). ´Chato´ y el oro verde de lago Gatún.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, September 29). La muerte del rey banano en Lago Gatún.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, October 13). Anacleto y los coclesanos del lago Gatún.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, November 11). Ciprián y la agricultura de roza en lago Gatún.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, November 18). Anacleto y el guineo en el lago Gatún.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2014, December 22). Luciano y las culebras del Cricamola.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. Tinita y el levantamiento de El Tullido. (updated 2015, January 12)
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, January 19). Don Chago y los alzados de El Tullido.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, January 26). El último hombre de Frijoles.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, February 2). Mr. Kidd: el hombre que no quiso trabajar para el canal.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, February 6). El buzo, el bombero y el cabo de vida.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2915, February 15). Mr. Kidd y la Radio Estación de Darién.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, March 3). Mr. Kidd y la escuela de Nueva Providencia.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, March 17). Vendiendo guineos en tiempos de guerra.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, March 31). Mr. Kidd y la gente de Barro Colorado.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, May 5). Mr. Kidd y la ´Universidad de Frijoles´.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, May 10). El bombero de La Mesa.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, June 8). Natividad y la bucería de perlas en Coiba.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, June 29). Los carpinteros de ribera en Veraguas.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, July 7). Los buques de la bucería de perlas.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, July 12). La tienda de Musulión. (updated 2020, February 18)
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, July 13). Puertos, maderas y fierros de la bucería.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, July 28). Zonas y espíritus de la bucería.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, August 2). Ahí viene la bucería.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, August 18). Una perla de tres gritos.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2915, August 25). Ciudad de Panamá en Marea Alta.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, September 8). José Oller, el armador de la bucería de los Pinel.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, September 21). José Oller, goletas y pailebotes de los Pinel.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, October 19). José Oller y la bucería chiricana de los Pinel.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, October 26). Marquito y las perlas de las islas del Papagallo
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2015, November 10). Para Perlas San Miguel.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. El doctor y mis cordones. (updated 2015, November 16)
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, January 19). Treinta arrobas de sal.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, February 16). Tomasita, la última salinera de Majagual.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, March 1). Josefa la alanjeña del Chiriquí Viejo.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, March 15). Max Bilgray y el coctel más famoso del Istmo.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, April 12). Prince Bustamante, espíritus y rezos en la ganadería de Cambutal.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, May 10). Aulladores en los árboles del río.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, May 24). Cuatrocientos maestros en Galeta.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, June 7). Las vacas sin lengua de Búcaro.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, June 26). Tello, de Macaracas a lago Gatún.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, July 12). La envidia y los vientos de arriba.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, August 2). La Junta Grande de José Brandao.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, August 16). Felipe Ramos, una vida campesina en Ocú.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, September 6). José Brandao, dos dones que Dios dio a Macaracas.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, September 27). Saturnino Barrios, Tonosí y la Compañía.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, October 18). Saturnino Barrios, de agregados y ganadería en Tonosí.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, November 1). Manuel Tordesillas, de Lorica a lago Gatún.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, November 22). Misael Murillo, el maestro de Macaracas.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, December 6). José María, una vida campesina en El Cortezo.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2016, December 20). Los agrónomos de entonces.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2017, January 3). El comprador de La Valdesa.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2017, January 17). Heliodoro, el campesino de Gorgona El Viejo.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2017, January 31). Heliodoro, del lago Gatún al mercado.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2017, February 14). Luis Najarro, el carbonero de San Salvador.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2017, February 21). Luis Najarro, carbonero, leñador y aserrador.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2017, March 14). Luis Najarro, aserrando madera para San Salvador.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2021, September 20). Josefa, Corea y el Batallón Colombia.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2021, October 21). Galafate, el cuidador del palmar en la Boca de los Espinos.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2021, October 28). La morrina.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2021, November 22). El Tesoro de Andalencio Rodriguez.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2021, December 6). Don Yeyo y Don Carmelo.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2021, December 9). Monseñor y los lagartos del Gariché.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2021, December 20). El verano que llegó La Limeña.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2022, June 6). Contando los lagartos en los playones del Chiriqui Viejo
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. (2022, June 23). La daga fina y los lagartos de la ciénaga Peje Perro.
 * Heckadon-Moreno, Stanley. Cuando el caballo marino llegó al río. (updated 2022, July 11)