Draft:Victor Erokhin

Victor Erokhin is an Italian-Russian physicist and material scientist, known for his works in organic memristive devices, and the inventor of the first in the world device that is described via universal memristive phenomena memristive device. He is a Research Director of the CNR-IMEM (CNR - Istituto dei Materiali per l'Elettronica ed il Magnetismo). Dr. Erokhin's work ranges from neuromorphic applications of organic-based memristive devices to the realization of polymeric smart drug delivery systems. His group demonstrated the capability of reproducing the nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnal, the realization of a hardware version of an artificial neural network (single and multilayer perceptron).. , the realization of a functional connection between two cells of the rat brain slice and in 2023 Victor Erokin and Max Talanov and their teams demonstrated the proof of concept of the feedback-driven self-learning segment of the spinal CPG as the piece of hardware .

In the drug delivery application, his group reported the realization of microcapsules realized employing Layer by layer method, capable of loading and selectively realizing their content depending on the pH, and of targeting by magnetic force.

Main Scientific Achivements
Development of processes for the fabrication of thin film materials with active proteins for biosensors and bioelectronics. Synthesis of inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles in organic matrices for the use in quantum and single electron devices. Since 2005, the activity goes in two main directions: elements and systems for bio-inspired computing and nanoengineered polymeric capsules for targeted drug delivery and induced controlled release.

In the first direction the following breakthroughs were done:
 * 2005 – First realization of the organic memristive device (the paper is sited about 100 times);
 * 2007 – 2009 – Direct real-time description of the organic memristive device with IR and microRaman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation
 * 2008 – 2009 – realization of circuits and systems with adaptive properties, based on elements (memristors), combining memory and processing properties;
 * 2010 – 2011 – realization of circuit, mimicking learning of pond snail;
 * 2009 – 2014 – stochastic polymeric networks with learning capabilities;
 * 2012 – 2016 – logic gates with memory;
 * 2013 – 2016 – systems, capable to solve optimization tasks, based on slime mould Physarum polycephalum, grown on functional polymeric layers;
 * 2015 – first hardware realization of elementary perceptron, based on organic memristors;
 * 2016 – first hardware realization of memristor-based double-layer perceptron;
 * 2016 – 2017 – interfacing live nervous cells by organic memristive devices: first step to the synapse prosthesis

In the second direction the following breakthroughs were done:
 * 2008 – 2009 – functionalization of the nanoengineered polymeric capsules with bacteriorhodopsin for the induced pore formation with weak visible light;
 * 2009 – 2013 – detailed investigation of the pore formation in the capsule shell and triggered release with the use of synchrotron radiation;
 * 2014 – 2014 – introduction of the concept of the biochemical computer programming with nanoengineered capsules;
 * 2013 – 2016 – realization of capsules with disease-triggered release.

Education
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Speciality – Physics of Condensed Matter), Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, 2018. Thesis title: Organic memristive devices and neuromorphic systems”.

Ph.D. in Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Speciality - Crystallography and Physics of Crystals), Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1990. Thesis title: "Deposition and Small-Angle X-Ray study of Protein Langmuir-Blodgett Films". Supervisors: Prof. L. A. Feigin, Dr. Yu. M. Lvov. Diploma ФМ 039 156 dal 19/09/1990

'''M.Sc. in Physics''', Moscow Physical Technical Institute, 1983. Thesis title: "Radiation and thermal degradation of LiNbO3 during ion beam aching" Supervisor: Dr. V. P. Vyrelkin ("Delta" applied research institute, Moscow). Diploma KB N. 290748 dal 30/06/1983 (Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology)

Career
In 2006 Victor Erokhin and Marco Fontana fabricated what could be later identified as organic polyaniline (PANI) memristive device two years before R. Stanley Williams from Hewlett Packard announced the discovery of a titanium dioxide memristive device.

Later in 2006 Victor Erokhin and Marco Fontana fabricated the schematic circuit of the adaptive networks composed of eight discrete nonlinear electrochemical elements similar to the nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnal comprising synthetic analogues of neurons and synapses. They demonstrated the system's capability for learning with a model of the simplest network composed of eight electrochemical elements. An alternative approach based on the formation of fiber networks was proposed. Authors proposed the approach to fabricate more complex systems with a random distribution of mutual contacts between elements .

In 2015 Victor Erokhin in collaboration with Vyacheslav Demin published results of the memristive implementation of the perceptron demonstrating effective training .

Later in 2018 Victor Erokhin and Roustem Khazipov demonstrated the memristive synaptic prosthesis connecting two cells of the rat brain slice, not connected naturally by biological synapse. They managed to demonstrate not only the connection but the self-learning capability of the PANI memristive devices similar to biological synapses, paving the way to memristive neuromorphic prosthetics

In 2020 Victor and several groups of scientists worldwide published a comprehensive review of modern approaches on neuro hybrid systems combining spiking memristive and traditional CMOS approaches with biological nervous system .

Later in 2023 Victor Erokin and Max Talanov and their respective teams demonstrated the proof of concept of the feedback-driven self-learning segment of the spinal Central Pattern Generator as the piece of hardware

Awards
Belov Prize (best young scientist research in the field of crystallography and physics of crystals (RussianAcademy of Sciences)) 1990, Moscow Russia

First prize in the scientific concourse of Institute of Crystallography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1991, Moscow, Russia

Award for the top 20% reviewers of Langmuir in 2009. Letter from Langmuir Editor-in-Chief Prof. David G. Whitten, January 2010.

Certificate of Appreciation for valuable contribution and dedicated sercice in the peer review of manuscripts submitted to ACS Journals, Presented December 2011 to Dr. Victor Erokhin, Ph.D. Signed by Susan King, PhD, Senior Vice president, Journal Publishing Group.

Recognized contributor to American Chemical Society, 2016.

Interesting articles

 * 1) Electrochemical Control of the Conductivity in an Organic Memristor: A Time-Resolved X-ray Fluorescence Study of Ionic Drift as a Function of the Applied Voltage. (2009) https://doi.org/10.1021/am900464k
 * 2) Optimization of an organic memristor as an adaptive memory element. (2009) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3153944
 * 3) Stochastic hybrid 3D matrix: learning and adaptation of electrical properties. (2012) https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM35064E
 * 4) First steps towards realising a double-layer perceptron based on organic memristive devices. (2016) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4966257
 * 5) Polyaniline-based memristive microdevice with high switching rate and endurance. (2018) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5013929
 * 6) Parylene-Based Memristive Devices with Multilevel Resistive Switching for Neuromorphic Applications. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47263-9
 * 7) Effects of noise sourcing on organic memristive devices (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110319

Patents

 * 1) V.P. Vyrelkin, V.V. Erokhin, and А.А. Varganov, “Method of the realization of antirefractive coating on ceramic elements”, Russian Patent 3798467/24-10.
 * 2) V.P. Vyrelkin, А.А. Varganov, и V.V. Erokhin, “Method of mesa-structure realization on AIIIBV” materials”, Russian Patent 3827612/24-25.
 * 3) V.V. Erokhin, R.L. Kayushina, and Y.M. Lvov, “Piezoelectric bio-specific surface-selective sensor – has layers of bivalent metal aliphatic acid salt placed between surface of resonator and biologically active substance, to improve adhesion”, Russian patent SU 1684663-A1. Derwent Primary accession number: 1992-233241.
 * 4) S. Vakula, V. Erokhin, C. Nicolini P. Facci, and F. Antolini, “Protein Thin Films and Compositions for Use in their Preparation”, International patent WO/1995/009058 (Publication date 0.6.04.1995).
 * 5) S. Vakula, V. Erokhin, C. Nicolini, P. Facci, and F. Antolini, “Protein solubilized in reverse micelles of lipid-having head group with affinity for protein, and ubiform thin films of protein prep. from them, useful in bio-electronics or chromatography”, Patent Number(s): WO9509058-A2; AU9477064-A; WO9509058-A3; EP721380-A1; It1261998-B; JP9512037; IT1273010-B; EP721380-B1; DE69418717-E.
 * 6) V. Erokhin, P. Facci, and C. Nicolini, “Thin Film Device”, International Patent, WO/1996/021952 (Publication date: 18.07.1996).
 * 7) V. Erokhin, P. Facci, and C. Nicolini, “Langmuir-Blodgett film exhibiting mono-electronic effects – based on nanometer-scale particles of cadmium sulphide”, Patent Number(s): WO9621952-A; WO9621952-A1; Au9644951-A; EP750795-A1, Derwent primary accession number: 1996-342458.
 * 8) V. Erokhin and C. Nicolini, Single Electron Element Pat. App. No.GB 9500669.8 Filing date 13.01.95 PCT Filing date 13.01.96
 * 9) V. Erokhin, G. Raviele, J. Glatz-Reichenbach, and C. Nicolini, „Diodo interamente organico”, Italian Patent pendine, GE 2002 A 000044 (2002).
 * 10) V. Erokhin, G. Raviele, J. Glatz-Reichenbach, and C. Nicolini, “Entirely organic diode”, Patent Number(s): IT1334229-B, Derwent primary accession number: 2006-474059.
 * 11) V. Erokhin, G. Raviele, J. Glatz-Reichenbach, and C. Nicolini, Condensatore elettrolitico interamente organico”, Italian Patent pendine, GE 2002 A 000045 (2002).
 * 12) V. Erokhin, G. Raviele, J. Glatz-Reichenbach, and C. Nicolini, “Entirely organic electrolytic capacitor”, Patent number(s): IT1333730-B, Derwent primary accession number: 2006-465883.
 * 13) S. Carrara and V. Erokhin, “Set of pens for tracing lines with electrical and electro-optical properties for applications in educational games and decoration”, Patent Number(s): IT1334116, Derwent primary accession number: 2006-604758.