Draft:Yossi Ben-Artzi

Yossi Ben-Artzi (Hebrew: יוסי בן ארצי) (born July 4, 1949) is an Israeli historian and geographer. He is a Professor in the Department of Israel Studies at the University of Haifa, where he served as Rector from 2004 to 2010. Ben-Artzi has been active in the protest movement in Israel against the judicial overhaul plan since January 2023. He currently serves as the Chairman of the Board of The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI), and as the Chairman of the Street Names Committee of Haifa.

Biography
Ben-Artzi was born and raised in Haifa. His family on his father's side were among the founders of the settlement of Har-Tuv in the Judean Mountains (near modern-day Beit Shemesh) in 1895. The family left Har-Tuv following the 1929 Hebron massacre, in which the settlement was attacked and destroyed by Arabs from the neighboring village of Deir Aban. The family was among the founders of Even-Yehuda in the Sharon region and later moved to Haifa. Ben-Artzi graduated from the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa in 1967. He served for 4 years in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and was discharged with the rank of lieutenant. He joined the Carmeli Brigade in the reserves, where he served as a Company Commander, a Deputy Battalion Commander during the First Lebanon War in 1982–83, and a Battalion Commander with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He attended the graduate course for Brigade Commanders in 1992. Since then, he has served as the deputy commander of the Central Unit for Searching Missing in Action (EITAN) in the IDF from 1992 to 2009. Ben-Artzi earned a bachelor's degree in Geography and Middle Eastern history at the University of Haifa, as well as MA and PhD degrees in geography from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His Master's thesis Residential Distribution and Internal Migration of Arab Residents in Haifa was approved in 1979. His doctoral thesis Planning and Development of the Physical System of Jewish Settlements in Israel, 1882–1914 was approved in 1984. He spent his post-doctoral studies at the University of Tübingen in Germany, where he researched the cultural landscape of the German Templer villages that emigrated to Palestine and settled there in the 19th century.

Academic Career
Ben-Artzi was appointed as a lecturer at the University of Haifa in 1984. He was promoted to senior lecturer in 1989, associate professor in 1995, and full professor in 2004. He served as the Head of the Department of Israel Studies for five years and as the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities for four years. Between 2004 and 2010, he served as the Rector of the University of Haifa. As rector, he was among the founders of the Havatzalot Program, the flagship program of the Intelligence Corps, in 2004. In 2010, he took a sabbatical at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, UK, and at The Taub Center for Israel Studies at New York University. As of May 2018, he serves as the head of the IDF Military Colleges Administration at the University of Haifa, a special program for the Camp Dayan Officers' colleges at the university.

Public Positions and Activism
Ben-Artzi held numerous voluntary public positions and was a member of many public bodies. He served on the Council for a Beautiful Israel's Haifa and Northern branch, where he compiled the first list of historical sites worthy of preservation in Haifa. This list was adopted by the municipality and serves as the basis for the list of conservation sites in the city. From 1979, he has been a member of the Haifa Municipality's Street Names Committee, and from 2004 to 2018, he served as its chairman. He was the Chairman of the Kishon River Council and Chairman of several Border Division Committees between Local Authorities on behalf of the Ministry of the Interior, including Chairman of the Commission of Inquiry into the Boundaries of Kiryat Shmona from 1997 to 1998. Ben-Artzi served for many years as a representative of the public on the Haifa Municipality's Committee for the Preservation of Sites from 1993 to 2018. He also served as a member of the Heritage Committee of the plenum of the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, the Dukhifat Foundation, the Hamizgaga Association in Nahsholim, and the Heritage Preservation Committee of the Israel Land Authority. Since January 2018, he has served as Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel. Ben-Artzi was a member of the Democratic Movement for Change Council for a short period when it was established in 1977. He was one of the founders of the Peace Now movement and a key activist in it from 1978 to 1989. He has been active in the protest movement in Israel against the judicial overhaul plan since January 2023.

Research
The monograph Residential Patterns and Intra-Urban Migration of Arabs in Haifa showed how the distribution map of Haifa's Arab population was created after the establishment of the State of Israel, connecting it to the events of 1948 and the earlier spatial model of Haifa's Arab communities. The study examined residential transition patterns between neighborhoods, considerations for choosing residential areas, and the set of voluntary and external factors that affected the Arab space in the city. This contrasted with previous studies that tried to find correlations according to American urban models. It found that symbolism, spatial identification, and especially attachment to family and ethnic educational institutions centrally influenced residential preferences, rather than majority pressures or purely economic explanations. The study recommended developing unique residential infrastructure for Haifa's Arab population, based on assumptions of continued immigration and natural growth outpacing the narrow area identified as Arab. Examining later census results revealed a double change – immigrants from Galilee with no prior connection to Arab neighborhoods flowed into Haifa, while residential pressures led to an outward "crawl" from traditional Arab spaces to nearby neighborhoods.

The book Early Jewish Settlements Patterns in Palestine, 1882-1914 deals with the physical planning and establishment of the first forty Jewish agricultural settlements (Moshavot) between 1882 and 1914. It discusses where they were established and the spatial distribution pattern they created. Prior to Ben-Artzi's research, the prevailing belief was that settlement construction occurred haphazardly without professional planning considerations, at most imitating architectural and planning elements from local Arab and foreign residents like the Templers. Ben-Artzi argued that from the outset, the Moshavot arose from an affinity with the Zionist ideology of their founders, with advanced design by surveyors and architects built by professionals, serving as a model for local Arab communities.

The book From Germany to the Holy Land: Templer Settlement in Palestine compares the Templer colonies established in Palestine to the villages of their origin in the Kingdom of Württemberg. It examines the extent to which the Templer colonies in Sarona, Haifa, Jaffa, Wilhelma (Bnei Atarot), Waldheim (Aloney-Aba), and Bethlehem-Galilee imported technology and concepts from Germany, as often occurs with migrant waves. Ben-Artzi argues against the prevailing view that the colonies mechanically imitated their mother villages. While geographers and planners saw the tile roofs and street village (Strassendorf) layouts as imported Württemberg patterns, Ben-Artzi claims these stemmed from pre-planning aligned with the Templers' religious ideology of simplified Christianity, messianic beliefs, and their perceived mission to prepare the Holy Land for the Second Coming.

The book The Creation of the Carmel as a Segregated Jewish Residential Space in Haifa, 1918-1948 describes the land acquisition process and neighborhood construction on Carmel Ridge and its slopes. The research points to Carmel emerging as a distinct Jewish space, separate from mixed Haifa and even the Hadar ha-Carmel core area of Hebrew Haifa. Central Carmel lands were purchased from Germans after WWI, gradually expanding into huge blocks where Neve Shanan, Ramat Hadar, central and western Carmel and others were later built. These areas were managed by local committees before gradually being annexed into Haifa's jurisdiction.

The book Mount Carmel of Graf von Mülinen describes how the Swiss diplomat Eberhard von Mülinen, fell ill in Haifa, on his way to Syria, recovering at a German Carmel hotel from where he explored the region by foot and mule with local guides. His book covers the Carmel area's inhabitants, languages, flora, fauna and archaeology with two maps of then place-names now largely disappeared.

The book Rural Jewish Settlement in Cyprus 1883-1939 reveals attempts at Jewish settlement in Cyprus contemporaneous with but connected to the Land of Israel. While Israelis mainly associate Cyprus with tourism and detention camps, few know of Jewish efforts between 1883-1939 to acquire Cypriot lands for rural settlements and citrus groves, involving various initiatives by Jews of diverse origins tied to events in Israel/Palestine. As Ottoman Turkish rule made immigration difficult, some saw nearby Cyprus as an alternative location, purchasing lands and establishing settlements after initial failures. The Jewish Colonization Association succeeded in founding a relatively large colony called Margo. In the 1930s, Israeli orchardists cultivated thousands of dunams of Cypriot citrus plantations. Herzl had examined Cyprus as a "temporary shelter" alternative to the Uganda Plan, with Zionist leader David Trietsch advocating it as a potential mass settlement location near Palestine.

Ben-Artzi published a scathing review critiquing Ilan Pappe's book on academic freedom in Israel against the background of the Tantura affair.