Duilian (poetry)

In Chinese poetry, a duilian is a pair of lines of poetry which adhere to certain rules (see below). Outside of poems, they are usually seen on the sides of doors leading to people's homes or as hanging scrolls in an interior. Although often called Chinese couplet or antithetical couplet, they can better be described as a written form of counterpoint. The two lines have a one-to-one correspondence in their metrical length, and each pair of characters must have certain corresponding properties. A duilian is ideally profound yet concise, using one character per word in the style of Classical Chinese. A special, widely-seen type of duilian is the chunlian, used as a New Year's decoration that expresses happiness and hopeful thoughts for the coming year.

Requirements
A duilian must adhere to the following rules:
 * 1) Both lines must have the same number of Chinese characters.
 * 2) The lexical category of each character must be the same as its corresponding character.
 * 3) The tone pattern of one line must be the inverse of the other. This generally means if one character is of the level  tone, its corresponding character on the other line must be of an oblique  tone.
 * 4) The last character of the first line should be of an oblique tone, which forces the last character of the second line to be of a level tone.
 * 5) The meanings of the two lines must be related, with each pair of corresponding characters having related meanings too.

Example
Example of a duilian:


 * 書山有路勤爲徑
 * Tone pattern: level-level-oblique-oblique-level-level-oblique (平平仄仄平平仄)
 * Pinyin: shū shān yǒu lù qín wéi jìng
 * Translation: The mountain of books has one way and hard work serves as the path
 * 學海無涯苦作舟
 * Tone pattern: oblique-oblique-level-level-oblique-oblique-level (仄仄平平仄仄平)
 * Pinyin: xué hǎi wú yá kǔ zuò zhōu
 * Translation: The sea of learning has no end and effort makes the boat

History and usage
Originating during the Five Dynasties, and flourishing during the Ming and Qing dynasties in particular, duilians have a history of more than a thousand years and remain an enduring aspect of Chinese culture.

Often, duilians are written on red paper and stuck on walls. Sometimes, they are carved onto plaques of wood for a more permanent display.

Dueling duilians are a popular pastime with Chinese speakers, a game of verbal and intellectual dexterity, wit, and speed which shares some parallels with the dozens.