Duke of Estonia

The first duke of Estonia (Hertug af Estland&thinsp;) was appointed in 1220 by King Valdemar II of Denmark after the Danish conquest of Estonia during the Livonian crusade. The title was resumed by the kings of Denmark since 1269. During the 1266-82 reign of the queen dowager Margaret Sambiria, the title lady of Estonia (Domina Estonie) was used.

In 1332, after Christopher II died, his second son Otto inherited the title of the duke of Estonia. Valdemar III assumed the title in 1338.

The dukes of Estonia rarely resided in Estonia. To govern the Duchy of Estonia, the king of Denmark and royal counsellors appointed the Lieutenant (Capitaneus), who resided in Reval.

The king of Denmark sold the duchy to the Teutonic Order in 1346, but Christian I reassumed the title of duke of Estonia in 1456.

After the Livonian War, Estonia became part of the Swedish Empire, and the title was gained by kings of Sweden. Crown Prince Gustav Adolph was already Duke of Estonia 1607-1611 before he became King, but then officially abolished all Swedish duchies in 1618.

The title was resumed by the Russian tsars after the Great Northern War and Treaty of Nystad when Estonia became part of the Russian Empire. The last duke of Estonia (Князь Эстляндский) was Nicholas II of Russia.

Danish dukes of Estonia
The Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346) was part of the Kingdom of Denmark, where the House of Estridsen reigned.

In 1346, Northern Estonia is sold to the Livonian Order. This Order was already ruling Southern Estonia since 1237.

Swedish dukes of Estonia
The Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721) or Swedish Estonia was part of the Swedish Empire.

House of Vasa
1561– 29 September 1568||||Tre Kronor (castle), 13 December 1533 son of Gustav I and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg||Karin Månsdotter||Died (Poisoned) while imprisoned in Örbyhus Castle, 26 February 1577. Aged 43, buried at Västerås Cathedral Gunilla Bielke (1585–1597)||Tre Kronor (castle), 17 November 1592, aged 54, buried at Uppsala Cathedral Constance of Austria (1605–1631)||Warsaw, Poland, 30 April 1632, aged 65, buried at Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland 22 March 1604 – 30 October 1611 also as regent Duke Charles, 1599–1604||||Tre Kronor (castle), 4 October 1550 son of Gustav I and Margaret Leijonhufvud||Maria of Palatinate-Simmern (1579–1589), Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (1592–1611)||Nyköping Castle, 30 October 1611, aged 61, buried at Strängnäs Cathedral
 * width=auto|Eric XIV (Erik XIV)
 * width=auto|John III (Johan III) 30 September 1568 – 17 November 1592||John III of Sweden.jpg||Stegeborg Castle, Östergötland, 20 December 1537 son of Gustav I and Margaret Leijonhufvud||Catherine Jagellonica (1562 – 1583),
 * width=auto|John III (Johan III) 30 September 1568 – 17 November 1592||John III of Sweden.jpg||Stegeborg Castle, Östergötland, 20 December 1537 son of Gustav I and Margaret Leijonhufvud||Catherine Jagellonica (1562 – 1583),
 * width=auto|Sigmund (Sigismund) 17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599||Zygmunt III Waza 2.jpg||Gripsholm Castle, 20 June 1566, son of John III and Catherine Jagellonica of Poland.||Anna of Austria (1592–1598),
 * width=auto|Sigmund (Sigismund) 17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599||Zygmunt III Waza 2.jpg||Gripsholm Castle, 20 June 1566, son of John III and Catherine Jagellonica of Poland.||Anna of Austria (1592–1598),
 * width=auto|Charles IX (Karl IX)
 * width=auto|Charles IX (Karl IX)
 * width=auto|Gustav II Adolph (Gustav II Adolf) 30 October 1611 – 6 November 1632||Gustav II of Sweden.jpg||Tre Kronor (castle), 9 December 1594, son of Charles IX and Christina of Holstein-Gottorp.||Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg||6 November 1632, in the Battle of Lützen, Electorate of Saxony, aged 37, buried in Riddarholmen Church
 * width=auto|Christina (Kristina) 6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654||Swedish queen Drottning Kristina portrait by Sébastien Bourdon stor.jpg||Stockholm, 8 December 1626, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg||Unmarried||Rome, 19 April 1689, aged 62, buried at St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
 * }
 * width=auto|Christina (Kristina) 6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654||Swedish queen Drottning Kristina portrait by Sébastien Bourdon stor.jpg||Stockholm, 8 December 1626, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg||Unmarried||Rome, 19 April 1689, aged 62, buried at St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
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House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch of the House of Wittelsbach
13 February 1660 – 5 April 1697||||Tre Kronor (castle), 24 November 1655 son of Charles X and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp||Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark||Tre Kronor (castle), 5 April 1697, aged 41, buried in Riddarholmen Church
 * Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav) 6 June 1654 – 13 February 1660||King Charles X Gustavus (Sébastien Bourdon) - Nationalmuseum - 19702.tif||Nyköping Castle, 8 November 1622, son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg and Catharina of Sweden (daughter of Charles IX)||Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp||Gothenburg, 13 February 1660, aged 37, buried in Riddarholmen Church
 * Charles XI (Karl XI)
 * Charles XI (Karl XI)
 * Charles XII (Karl XII) 5 April 1697 – 30 November 1718||Karl XII 1706.jpg||Tre Kronor (castle), 17 June 1682 son of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder||Unmarried||Fredrikshald, Norway, 30 November 1718, aged 36, buried in Riddarholmen Church
 * Ulrica Eleanor (Ulrika Eleonora) 5 December 1718 – 29 February 1720||Ulrica Eleanor of Sweden (1688) c 1725 by Georg Engelhard Schröder.jpg||Tre Kronor (castle), 23 January 1688 daughter of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder||Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel||Stockholm, 24 November 1741, aged 53, buried in Riddarholmen Church
 * }
 * Ulrica Eleanor (Ulrika Eleonora) 5 December 1718 – 29 February 1720||Ulrica Eleanor of Sweden (1688) c 1725 by Georg Engelhard Schröder.jpg||Tre Kronor (castle), 23 January 1688 daughter of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder||Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel||Stockholm, 24 November 1741, aged 53, buried in Riddarholmen Church
 * }
 * }

House of Hesse
Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden||Stockholm, 25 March 1751, aged 74, buried in Riddarholmen Church
 * width=auto|Frederick (Fredrik I av Hessen) 24 March 1720 – 10 September 1721||Fredrik av Hessen.jpg||Kassel, (in today's Germany), 23 April 1676 son of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Maria Amalia of Courland||Louise Dorothea of Prussia
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On 10 September 1721, Sweden ceded Estonia to the Tsardom of Russia, in the Treaty of Nystad.

Governors during Swedish rule

 * 1561–1562
 * 1562–1562 Henrik Klasson Horn
 * 1562–1564 Svante Stensson Sture
 * 1564–1565
 * 1565–1568 Henrik Klasson Horn
 * 1568–1570
 * 1570–1572
 * 1572–1574 Clas Åkesson Tott
 * 1574–1575 Pontus de la Gardie
 * 1576–1578
 * 1576–1577 Nilsson Hans Eriksson Finne
 * 1577–1580
 * 1580–1581
 * 1582–1583 Göran Boije af Gennäs (2nd time)
 * 1583–1585 Pontus De la Gardie
 * 1585–1588
 * 1588–1588 Hans Wachtmeister
 * 1588–1590 Gustaf Axelsson Banér
 * 1590–1592
 * 1592–1600 Göran Boije af Gennäs (3rd time)
 * 1600–1601
 * 1601–1602
 * 1605–1608 Axel Nilsson Ryning
 * 1611–1617 Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna
 * 1617–1619 Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud
 * 1619–1622 Jacob de la Gardie
 * 1622–1626 Per Gustafsson Banér
 * 1626–1628
 * 1628–1642
 * 1642–1646
 * 1646–1653
 * 1653–1655
 * 1655–1656
 * 1656–1674
 * 1674–1681 Andreas Lennartson Torstensson
 * 1681–1687 Robert Johannson Lichton
 * 1687–1704 Axel Julius De la Gardie
 * 1704–1706 Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach
 * 1706–1709 Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp
 * 1709–1710 Carl Gustaf von Nieroth