EAR (file format)

EAR (Enterprise Application aRchive) is a file format used by Jakarta EE for packaging one or more modules into a single archive so that the deployment of the various modules onto an application server happens simultaneously and coherently. It also contains XML files called deployment descriptors which describe how to deploy the modules.

Ant, Maven, or Gradle can be used to build EAR files.

File structure
An EAR file is a standard JAR file (and therefore a Zip file) with an .ear extension, with one or more entries representing the modules of the application, and a metadata directory called  which contains one or more deployment descriptors.

Module
Developers can embed various artifacts within an EAR file for deployment by application servers:


 * A Web module has a .war extension. It is a deployable unit that consists of one or more web components, other resources, and a web application deployment descriptor. The web module is contained in a hierarchy of directories and files in a standard web application format.
 * POJO Java classes may be deployed in .jar files.
 * An Enterprise Java Bean module has a .jar extension, and contains in its own  directory descriptors describing the persistent classes deployed. Deployed entity beans become visible to other components and, if remotely exported, to remote clients. Message Beans and Session Beans are available for remote access.
 * A Resource Adapter module has a .rar extension.

Class isolation
Most application servers load classes from a deployed EAR file as an isolated tree of Java classloaders, isolating the application from other applications, but sharing classes between deployed modules. For example, a deployed WAR file would be able to create instances of classes defined in a JAR file that was also included in the containing EAR file, but not necessarily those in JAR files in other EAR files. One key reason for this behavior is to allow complete separation between applications which use static singletons (e.g. Log4J), which would otherwise confuse the configuration between separate applications. This also enables different versions of applications and libraries to be deployed side by side.

The JBoss application servers before Version 5 were notable in that it does not isolate deployed components. A web application deployed in one EAR file would have access to classes in other EAR and WAR files. This is a somewhat controversial policy. The Unified Classloader design reduces communications overhead between running applications, as class data can be shared by reference or simple copies. It also allows developers to avoid having to understand the problems that a tree of classloaders can create. However, it prevents different versions of dependent libraries from being deployed in separate applications. JBoss 4.0.2 switched to a hierarchical classloader, but in version 4.0.3 it reverted to a Unified Classloader for backwards compatibility reasons. There is now a configuration option to change this behavior. JBoss 5.x, 6.x and 7.x no longer use Unified Classloading.

META-INF directory
The  directory contains at least the   deployment descriptor, known as the Java EE Deployment Descriptor. It contains the following XML entities:


 * , which specifies the locations for the images that represent the application. A subdivision is made for  and.
 * , which identifies the application
 * A  element for each module in the archive
 * Zero or more  elements for the global security roles in the application
 * Zero or more  elements for the global security roles in the application

Each  element contains an ,   or   element which describes the individual modules within the application. Web modules also provide a  which identifies the web module by its URL.

Next to the Jakarta EE deployment descriptor there can be zero or more runtime deployment descriptors. These are used to configure implementation-specific Jakarta EE parameters.