East Asian finless porpoise

The East Asian finless porpoise (Neophocaena sunameri) is a species of porpoise native to the East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and the seas around Japan. The Yangtze finless porpoise (N. asiaeorientalis) was formerly considered a subspecies, but is now thought to be a distinct species.

Name
The Korean communities of the porpoise are sometimes known as sanggwaengi (상괭이) and the Japanese communities, particularly the subspecies N. p. sunameri, as sunameri (砂滑)(スナメリ).

Distribution
The species inhabits the coastal areas off mainland China (e.g., Chongming Island) south to the Penghu Islands. The Matsu Islands are thought to be their northern limit, and the local population in this area is physically smaller than the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise. These two species overlap in the Matsu region. The population in coastal waters around Japan is geographically isolated by the deep waters between Japan and continental Asia. Vagrant animals can reach the Ryukyu Islands.

Habitat
Throughout their range, the porpoises stay in shallow waters, up to 50 m deep, close to the shore, in waters with soft or sandy seabeds, or in estuaries and mangrove swamps. In exceptional cases, they have been encountered as far as 135 km off-shore in the East China and Yellow Seas, albeit still in shallow water.

Description
Finless porpoises can grow to as much as 2.27 m in length, and can weigh up to 72 kg, although most are smaller. Adults grow more than 1.55 m (5 ft) in length and up to 30–45 kg (65–100 lb) in weight. The flippers are moderately large, reaching up to 20% of the total body length. Adults are typically a uniform, light grey colour, although some may have lighter patches of skin around the mouth, or darker patches in front of the flippers. Newborn calves of the central and eastern subspecies are mostly black with grey around the dorsal ridge area, becoming fully grey after four to six months. However, newborn calves of the western subspecies are a light creamy grey, and become darker as they age.

Anatomy
The anatomy of finless porpoises has been relatively well studied, compared with that of some other cetacean species. The tubercles along the dorsal ridge are known to contain numerous nerve endings that have a sensory function. The auditory system also appears well-developed, with numerous nerve fibres specialised for rapid communication between the ears and the brain. Sight is relatively poor, however, due to the overall cloudiness of the Yangtze River; they have a reduced lens and a limited number of fibres in the optic nerve and to the muscles moving the eyes compared to the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise. It is speculated that their vision is somewhat better than that of the Yangtze river dolphin.

The skeleton is light, accounting for only 5% of the total weight of the animal. There are between 58 and 65 vertebrae, about half of them in the tail, and with the first three cervical vertebrae fused into a single structure. This reduces flexibility of the neck while increasing stability in the water. There are ten to fourteen pairs of ribs in the chest, and an additional set of vestigial ribs has sometimes been reported in the neck, in association with the seventh cervical vertebra. There are 44 sets of spinal nerves. Like all porpoises, they have spade-shaped teeth well suited for catching small fish and shrimp. Their skeletal design allows them to leap from the water and perform "tail stands".

The nasal passage contains nine or ten air sacs, which are capable of sealing off all air within the passage. Behind these are an additional set of vomeronasal sacs. The trachea, however, is short, with only four cartilaginous rings. The stomach has three chambers, with no caecum, and no distinct difference between the small and large intestines.

Sexual maturity is thought to occur at around six years, with only one calf born at a time. The gestation period is approximately one year long and lactation lasts for over six months.

Behavior
In Chinese coastal waters, finless porpoises are generally found in groups of three to six, although aggregations of up to about fifty have been reported. In Japanese waters, groups appear to be smaller, with pairs being typical, and even rare aggregations being no larger than thirteen individuals.

Diet
They are reported to eat fish, shrimp and squid in the Yellow Sea/Bohai area. In Japanese waters, they are known to eat fish, shrimp, squid, cuttlefish and octopuses.

Conservation
The primary danger to the species is environmental degradation. Except for being briefly hunted after World War II due to the lack of seaworthy fishing boats, finless porpoises have never been widely hunted in Japan. It is a species protected since 1930 at the area around Awajima Island, Takehara and this coverage had since been extended to all Japanese coastal waters. A decline of over 50% over the last three generations has been noted in the species, and it is thus classified as Endangered. This decline is largely thought to be a consequence of intensified fishing activity, which has caused large amounts of porpoises to be entangled in gillnets. Habitat loss and pollution are also thought to be major threats.

Local conservation groups in Korea, such as at Yeosu, have started campaigning for the protection of the local populations.

In captivity
Finless porpoises have commonly been kept in Japan, as well as China and Indonesia. Ninety four in total have been in captivity in Japan, eleven in China, and at least two in Indonesia. Japan has had three establishments designated for breeding them, and there have been five recorded births. Three, however, died moments after birth, but two survived for several years.