East Midlands English

East Midlands English is a dialect, including local and social variations spoken in most parts of East Midlands England. It generally includes areas east of Watling Street (which separates it from West Midlands English), north of an isogloss separating it from variants of Southern English (e.g. Oxfordshire) and East Anglian English (e.g. Cambridgeshire), and south of another separating it from Northern English dialects (e.g. Yorkshire). This includes the counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland and Northamptonshire. Dialects of northern Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire usually share similarities with Northern English dialects. Relative to other English dialects, there have been relatively few studies of East Midlands English.

Origins
The Eastern English Midlands were incorporated in the Norse-controlled Danelaw in the late 9th century by Ivar the Boneless. With their conquest, the county towns of the East Midlands counties were converted into fortified, Viking city-states, known as the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw. The region's dialect owes much of its grammar and vocabulary to the Nordic influences of its conquerors. For example, the East Midlands verb to scraight ('to cry') is thought to be derived from the Norse, skrike in modern Scandinavian, also meaning to cry.

The East Midlands dialect of Middle English which extended over a much larger area, as far south as Middlesex, is the precursor of modern English spoken today, which has descended from the early modern English of the early 16th century.

East Midlands dialects in literature
The novelist and East Midlander D. H. Lawrence was from the Nottinghamshire town of Eastwood and wrote in the Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Coalfield dialects in several poems as well as in his more famous works such as Lady Chatterley's Lover and Sons and Lovers.

Though spoken less commonly today, the dialect of the East Midlands has been investigated in texts such as the Ey Up Mi Duck series of books (and an LP) by Richard Scollins and John Titford. These books were originally intended as a study of Derbyshire Dialect, particularly the distinctive speech of Ilkeston and the Erewash valley, but later editions acknowledge similarities in vocabulary and grammar which unite the East Midlands dialects and broadened their appeal to the region as a whole.

"Ey up" (often spelt ayup / eyup) is a greeting thought to be of Old Norse origin (se upp) used widely throughout the East Midlands, North Midlands, North Staffordshire and Yorkshire, and "m' duck" is thought to be derived from a respectful Anglo Saxon form of address, "Duka" (literally "duke"), and is unrelated to waterfowl. Non-natives of the East Midlands and North Staffordshire are often surprised to hear men greet each other as "m' duck".

Grammar
Those who speak traditional regional dialects are not trying unsuccessfully to speak Standard English. East Midlands English follows a series of distinct grammatical rules. Some examples follow below.

Formal address
Until the mid-20th century, it was not uncommon to hear the use of informal forms of address, thee and thou, as compared to the more formal you. Use of the informal form of address is now uncommon in modern speech.

Personal and possessive pronouns
Personal pronouns differ from standard English as follows:

Example: It eent theirn; it's ourn! (It isn't theirs; it's ours!)

Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are characterised by the replacement of "self" with sen (from Middle English seluen) Example: We sh'll ay to do it ussens. (We shall have to do it ourselves.)
 * Y'usen – Yourself
 * Mesen – Myself
 * Thisens – Themselves/Yourselves
 * Ussens – Ourselves

Vocabulary
Humorous texts, such as Nottingham As it is Spoke, have used their phonetically spelled words to deliberately confuse non-natives of the region.


 * Alrate yooth?:Are you alright young man? Here, $⟨alrate⟩$ is a spelling designed to convey the phonological specification in the traditional dialect of $⟨right⟩$, which is, and a slight diphthonging of.
 * Avya gorra wi'ya?:Is the wife with you? (lit. "Have you got her with you?) The pronunciation with weak form  is alleged to be more common in Nottingham and the South East Midlands; pronunciations with th-fronting in  are alleged to be more common elsewhere. TH-fronting became a potential feature of the accents of the region in around 1960. The humorous spellings are designed to indicate H-dropping, the ’'Northern T-to-R rule'’ and, the non-Standard weakform of $⟨with⟩$, which is common to many dialects in England.
 * 'Int any onya any onya? : Here is an example of Belper, Derbyshire dialect when asking a group of people if any of them have any matches with which to light a pipe. Hasn’t any of you, got any [matches] on you?
 * It's looking' a bit black ower Bill's movver's:It looks like rain. (lit. "It's looking a bit black over Bill's Mother's.") – a common, if somewhat old-fashioned, Midlands expression implying impending bad weather. The spelling $⟨ower⟩$ chosen to indicate the phonological specification in the traditional dialect of $⟨over⟩$: . The identity of Bill or where his mother's house was located is open to question, although it is possibly derived from German emperor Wilhelm II.
 * Awont gooin t’worra!:I wasn't going to, was I! $⟨Awont⟩$, $⟨gunta⟩$ and $⟨worra⟩$ are blend words designed to convey the phonological specification in the traditional dialect of $⟨I wasn't⟩$, $⟨going to⟩$ and $⟨was I⟩$.
 * A farnd im in cut:I found him in the Canal, (lit. "I found him in the cut). Using the traditional and local word $⟨Cut⟩$ for Canal. Canals were originally referred to as "Cuts" because during the industrial revolution canals or highways for transportation of goods were literally "cut" into the landscape and allowed to fill with water.
 * Thez summat up wi’im:I think he may be ill. (lit. "There's something up with him."). The spellings here chosen to indicate the ‘'Northern'’ feature that is a monophthong, the non-Standard English word, which is historically found in many dialects across England (cf. its use by the London boatmen Gaffer and Riderhood in Our Mutual Friend and by the farmhands in Far from the Madding Crowd), the weakform of $⟨with⟩$ previously mentioned and H-dropping.
 * Yer norrayin no tuffees!:You're not having any sweets! (should not be taken to mean 'toffees' alone as in East Midlands dialect' "tuffees" can mean all types of sweets). Humorous spellings here were chosen to indicate the Northern T-to-R rule and the phonological specification in the traditional dialect of $⟨have⟩$, which is.

However, there are many words in use in the traditional East Midlands Dialect which do not appear in standard English. The short list below is by no means exhaustive. More comprehensive glossaries exist within texts such as Ey Up Mi Duck by Richard Scollins and John Titford.


 * naught : nothing (homographic with the digit cypher, 0, and the (now only literary) naught  of General English;  is a traditional dialect phonological specification and  is the regular development in General English).
 * aught : anything (homographic with the now literary General English )
 * nesh:a weak person, or one who feels the cold. Found in many parts of England, cf. its use in Hardy.
 * belt-job:easy job (used in certain coal-mining communities based on watching a conveyor belt)
 * causie:pavement ("causey" is an older word from which 'causeway' is derived. )
 * cob:a bread roll (bap); (as verb) to throw
 * cob loaf:baker's term used across the UK for a hemispherical loaf
 * clouts:trousers (, usually pronounced ); (as verb:) hits something or someone.
 * jitty/jetty:alleyway.
 * twitchel:alleyway. Typically (but not exclusively) alleyways providing access to the rear of terraced housing. Can also mean a path between gardens (E.g. allotments)
 * larup/larop:to cover with (usually a thick substance)
 * mardy (or etymological marredy): grumpy, sulky (i.e. "She's a mardy one!")
 * mash:to make a pot of tea (i.e. "I'll go n’mash tea.")
 * piggle:to pick at a scab, spot or a skin irritation (i.e. "Stop piggling that scab!")
 * puddled/puddle-drunk: intoxicated or stupid
 * puther:to pour out uncontrollably usually of smoke, steam or dust
 * rammel:rubbish/waste
 * scraight/scraitin':to cry/crying
 * sile: rain heavily
 * snapin or snap: lunch/food,tekken ta werk
 * snidered/snided/snied:covered/infested, (DH Lawrence used the word 'Snied' in a description of an infestation of mice in Sons and Lovers.),
 * wazzerk/wassock:fool (used across the East & West Midlands)

There are also word forms that occur in Standard English but which have additional meanings in some of the varieties considered here. (There is a yet older sense now only commonly used in Scots, Northern & some Midland dialects meaning 'beautiful' generally rather than of individuals having a pleasing embonpoint specifically.)
 * bonny: In many dialects, this has the sense of 'looking well' often referring to a healthy plumpness.  In Derby, Leicester and Nottingham, there still also exists a transferred sense of plump, robust, stout or overweight derived from this sense. Cf. Samuel Johnson's comment that ‘'It seems to be used in general conversation for plump’’ as cited in NED Bonny 2 b as (J.).
 * fast: stuck, caught (i.e. "Who's got a finger fast?")
 * tuffees:sweets, confectionery


 * badly:hungover/ill
 * croaker:doctor
 * croggie:an (illegal) crossbar ride, "two-up" on the crossbar of a bicycle
 * duck's necks:bottle of lemonade
 * fuddle: an ad hoc buffet or Potluck
 * oakie: ice cream (common in Leicestershire) see Hokey cokey
 * pot:a plaster cast
 * sucker:iced lolly
 * tabs:ears, also called lugholes
 * yack: to yank:In Leicester and Leicestershire to throw as in 'yack it away' or 'yack it to me'
 * cos: can you

The greeting 'now then' (as 'Nah theen') is still in use in Lincolnshire and North-East Derbyshire, used where other people might say "Hello". 'Nen mate' can also be heard instead of "now then mate".

People from Leicester are known in the popular holiday resort Skegness as "Chisits", due to their expression for "how much is it" when asking the price of goods in shops.

Phonology

 * East Midlands accents generally lack the trap–bath split, so that cast is pronounced rather than the  pronunciation associated with most southern accents.
 * Most accents in the East Midlands lack the foot–strut split, with words containing like strut or but being pronounced with, without any distinction between putt and put.
 * East Midlands accents are generally non-rhotic, instead drawing out their vowels, resulting in the Midlands Drawl, which can to non-natives be mistaken for dry sarcasm.
 * The PRICE vowel has a very far back starting-point, and can be realised as.
 * Yod-dropping, as in East Anglia, can be found in some areas, for example new as, sounding like "noo".
 * H-dropping is common, in which is usually omitted from most words, while NG-coalescence is present in most of the East Midlands except in Derbyshire where  is pronounced as.
 * In Lincolnshire, sounds like the u vowel of words like strut being realised as may be even shorter than in the North.
 * In Leicester, words with short vowels such as up and last have a northern pronunciation, whereas words with vowels such as down and road sound rather more like a south-eastern accent. The vowel sound at the end of words like border (and the name of the city) is also a distinctive feature.
 * Lincolnshire also has a marked north–south split in terms of accent. The north shares many features with Yorkshire, such as the open a sound in "car" and "park" or the replacement of take, make, and sake with tek, mek, and sek. The south of Lincolnshire is close to Received Pronunciation, although it still has a short Northern a in words such as bath.
 * Mixing of the words was and were when the other is used in Standard English.
 * In Northamptonshire, crossed by the north–south isogloss, residents of the north of the county have an accent similar to that of Leicestershire and those in the south an accent similar to rural Oxfordshire.
 * The town of Corby in northern Northamptonshire has an accent with some originally Scottish features, apparently due to immigration of Scottish steelworkers. It is common in Corby for the GOAT set of words to be pronounced with . This pronunciation is used across Scotland and most of Northern England, but Corby is alone in the Midlands in using it.

Southern Northamptonshire
Northamptonshire is in the East Midlands region defined in the late 20th century, and has historically harboured its own dialect comparable to other forms of East Midlands English, particularly among the older generation. However, more recently its linguistic distinctiveness has significantly eroded due to influences from the western parts of East Anglia, the West Midlands, and the South as well as the 'Watford Gap isogloss', the demarcation line between southern and northern English accents.

The Danelaw split the present county into a Viking north and a Saxon south. This is quite plainly heard, with people in the south speaking more like people from Oxfordshire or Cambridgeshire and people in the north sounding more like people from Leicestershire.

Corbyite
Also of note is the anomalous dialect of Corbyite spoken around Corby in the north of Northamptonshire, which reflects the migration of large numbers of Scottish and Irish steelworkers to the town during the 20th century. The dialect is often compared to Glaswegian.

Derbyshire
Derbyshire, unlike other counties in the East Midlands, does not share a single identifiable accent or dialect within its bounds. This is in part due to its borders taking in areas that are naturally "cut off" from the rest of the county by topographical borders such as that of the Peak District and Dark Peak, as well as areas that are of considerable distance from the city of Derby and its diaspora, therefore being too far away to be of any influence both linguistically and culturally. This, combined with political and economic factors, has sparked debate in Chesterfield and the Borough of High Peak – the latter of which has extreme geographical reach into North West England – as to the future of the regional and county-affiliated identities of both boroughs.

The city of Derby, as well as boroughs in the vicinity of the city such as Amber Valley and Erewash, share a common Derby dialect, which sounds largely similar to other East Midlands cities and counties. In addition, the town of Burton upon Trent, in Staffordshire, has an accent that is more identifiable as an East Midlands accent. This is largely due to the town's location near the borders with Derbyshire and Leicestershire, as well as the A38 providing commuter links to and from the East Midlands.

However, as previously mentioned, many other areas within the boundaries of Derbyshire have accents influenced by neighbouring counties and cities. For example, the dialect of Glossop, Hadfield and Gamesley in the Borough of High Peak is largely similar to the Manchester dialect due to being less than a mile in places from the border with Greater Manchester; while that of Chesterfield and Bolsover share commonalities with the South Yorkshire dialect owing to their proximity to Sheffield and Doncaster. In addition, the dialect of Buxton and parts of the Derbyshire Dales echoes that of the nearby areas of Stoke-on-Trent, East Cheshire and the Staffordshire Moorlands.

The dialect of Coalville in Leicestershire is said to resemble that of Derby because many of the Coalville miners came from there. Coalville's name is still almost exclusive pronounced as "Co-ville" by its inhabitants. Neighbouring pit villages such as Whitwick ("Whittick") share the Coalville inflection as a result of the same huge influx of Derbyshire miners.

Lincolnshire and East Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire has long been an economically relatively homogeneous, less industrial more heavily agricultural county and is in part naturally separated by the River Trent divorcing its largest market town, Gainsborough, Torksey & the City of Lincoln from Nottinghamshire. East of the Lincolnshire Wolds, in the southern part of the county, the Lincolnshire dialect is closely linked to The Fens and East Anglia where East Anglian English is spoken, and, in the northern areas of the county, the local speech has characteristics in common with the speech of the East Riding of Yorkshire. This is largely due to the fact that the majority of the land area of Lincolnshire was surrounded by sea, the Humber, marshland, and the Wolds; these geographical circumstances permitted little linguistic interference from the East Midlands dialects until the nineteenth century when canal and rail routes penetrated the eastern heartland of the country.

Nottinghamshire
Minor variations still endure between Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. Though all native speakers sound similar, there are noticeable differences between the accents of residents of, for example, Nottingham and Derby, or Mansfield and Bolsover which is pronounced locally as.

In North Nottinghamshire and North-East Derbyshire, the dialect is very similar to South Yorkshire, including the occasional use of the pronoun thou amongst older people. See Stephen Whyles's book A Scab is no Son of Mine for examples of speech of the Worksop area.

Counties in which East Midlands English is spoken

 * Cambridgeshire (Limited usage around Peterborough)
 * Derbyshire (Limited usage in northern areas such as High Peak, Chesterfield and Bolsover)
 * Leicestershire
 * Lincolnshire (except areas within the Yorkshire and the Humber region)
 * Nottinghamshire (Usage less frequent in Bassetlaw)
 * Northamptonshire
 * Rutland
 * Staffordshire (Limited usage around Burton-upon-Trent and Uttoxeter)

In popular culture
The children's writer Helen Cresswell came from Nottingham, lived in Eakring and some of her characters featured on television during the 1970s and 1980s, such as Lizzie Dripping and Polly Flint, have distinct East Midlands accents, otherwise rarely heard in national broadcast media at the time.

Actor Jack O'Connell has a distinct Derbyshire accent.

The character 'Sylvie' in the Disney+ Marvel series 'Loki', played by Sophia Di Martino, has an East Midlands accent: "Di Martino's desire to represent underserved people led her to use her natural Nottingham accent on 'Loki'.

Links to East Midlands dialect in literature

 * The Dialect Poems of D. H. Lawrence (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Coalfield)
 * Dialect in the East Midlands – BBC East Midlands