Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma

Edwina Cynthia Annette Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma (' Ashley'''; 28 November 1901 – 21 February 1960), was an English heiress, socialite, relief worker and the last vicereine of India as the wife of (the then) Rear Admiral The 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma.

Family background and early life
Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley was born in 1901, the elder daughter of Wilfrid Ashley (later 1st Baron Mount Temple), who was a Conservative member of Parliament. Her younger sister was Mary Ashley (Lady Delamere). Patrilineally, she was a great-granddaughter of the reformist 7th Earl of Shaftesbury. Edwina's mother, Amalia Mary Maud Cassel (1879–1911), was the only child of the international magnate Sir Ernest Cassel (1852–1921), friend and private financier to the future King Edward VII. Cassel had been born in Cologne, Prussia, of Jewish origin. He was one of the richest and most powerful men in Europe.

After Wilfred Ashley's remarriage in 1914 to Molly Forbes-Sempill (ex-wife of Rear-Admiral Arthur Forbes-Sempill), Edwina Ashley was sent away to boarding schools, first to the Links in Eastbourne, then to Alde House in Suffolk, at neither of which was she a willing pupil. Edwina was unhappy during the time because, in addition to a sour relationship with her stepmother, she was bullied at school on account of her grandfather being rich, German, and Jewish. She later described her experience at school as 'sheer hell'. Her grandfather, Sir Ernest, solved the domestic dilemma by inviting her to live with him and, eventually, to act as hostess at his London residence, Brook House. Later, his other mansions, Moulton Paddocks and Branksome Dene, would become part of her inheritance from him.

Marriage and children
By the time she first met Louis Mountbatten, a relative of the British royal family and a nephew of Empress Alexandra of Russia, in 1920, Edwina Ashley was a leading member of London society. Her maternal grandfather died in 1921, leaving her £2 million (equivalent to £0 million in ), and his palatial London townhouse, Brook House, at a time when her future husband's naval salary was £610 a year (equivalent to £0 in ). Later, she inherited the country seat of Broadlands, Hampshire, from her father, Lord Mount Temple. Ashley and Mountbatten married on 18 July 1922 at St Margaret's, Westminster. The wedding attracted more than 8,000 people, including members of the royal family such as Queen Mary, Queen Alexandra, and the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VIII). It was dubbed "wedding of the year". There followed a honeymoon tour of European royal courts and America which included a visit to Niagara Falls (because "all honeymooners went there"). During their honeymoon in California, the newlyweds starred in a silent home movie by Charlie Chaplin called Nice And Friendly, which was not shown in cinemas.

The Mountbattens had two daughters, Patricia (14 February 1924 – 13 June 2017) and Pamela (born 19 April 1929). Drew Pearson described Edwina in 1944 as "one of the most beautiful women in England".

Edwina and her sister-in-law, the Marchioness of Milford Haven (wife of Lord Milford Haven), were extremely close friends and the two frequently went together on rather daring adventures, travelling rough in difficult and often dangerous parts of the world.

Second World War
After the outbreak of the Second World War, Mountbatten visited the United States, where she expressed gratitude for efforts to raise funds for the British Red Cross and St John Ambulance Brigade. In 1942, she was appointed Superintendent-in-Chief of the St John Ambulance Brigade, serving extensively. In 1945, she assisted in the repatriation of prisoners of war in South East Asia. She was appointed a CBE in 1943 and made a Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) in 1946. She also received the American Red Cross Medal.

Vicereine of India
Edwina Mountbatten was the last vicereine of India, serving during the final months of the British Raj and the first months of the post-Partition period (February 1947 to June 1948) when Louis Mountbatten was the last viceroy of India and then, after the partition of India and Pakistan in June 1947, the governor-general of India, but not of the Dominion of Pakistan.

From 28 October 1947 onwards, Edwina Mountbatten was styled as the Countess Mountbatten of Burma, after her husband was elevated to an earldom. Following the violent disruption that accompanied the partition of India, Lady Mountbatten's priority was to mobilise the enormous relief efforts required, work for which she was widely praised.

Edwina had publicly supported the military operations by Nehru administration for gaining control over Jammu and Kashmir and Hyderabad state. After her viceroyalty in India, her public service included service for the St John Ambulance Brigade. She was a governor of The Peckham Experiment in 1949.

Death
Lady Mountbatten died in her sleep aged 58 of unknown causes on 21 February 1960 in Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu), North Borneo (now Sabah), while on an inspection tour for the St John Ambulance Brigade. In accordance with her wishes, she was buried at sea off the coast of Portsmouth from HMS Wakeful on 25 February 1960; Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury, officiated. On learning of the news, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother observed, "Dear Edwina, she always liked to make a splash." Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru had the Indian Navy frigate INS Trishul, already stationed in the city, to escort the Wakeful and cast a wreath. Her will was proven in London on 21 March 1960, with her estate valued for probate at £589,655 (equivalent to £0 as of 2024).

Titles

 * 23 August 1946 – 21 February 1947: The Right Honourable The Viscountess Mountbatten of Burma
 * 21 February 1947 – 28 October 1947: Her Excellency The Right Honourable The Viscountess Mountbatten of Burma
 * 28 October 1947 – 21 June 1948: Her Excellency The Right Honourable The Countess Mountbatten of Burma
 * 21 June 1948 – 21 February 1960: The Right Honourable The Countess Mountbatten of Burma

Honours

 * Royal Victorian Order UK ribbon.png Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) – 1 January 1946
 * Order of St John (UK) ribbon.png Dame Grand Cross of the Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (GCStJ: 1 January 1946; CStJ: 19 December 1928 )
 * UK Order of the Crown of India ribbon.svg Lady of the Imperial Order of the Crown of India (CI) -21 February 1947
 * Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.svg Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE: 1 January 1948; CBE: 1 January 1943 )
 * Service Medal of the Order of St John Ribbon.svg Service Medal of the Order of St John
 * UK King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
 * UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg King George VI Coronation Medal
 * UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal

In popular culture
Lady Mountbatten of Burma has been portrayed by:
 * Janet Suzman in the 1986 television drama Lord Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy
 * Maria Aitken in the 1998 biographical film Jinnah
 * Gillian Anderson in Gurinder Chadha's drama film Viceroy's House (2017)
 * Lucy Russell in series 2 of The Crown (2017)