Egypt–Ethiopia relations

Egypt–Ethiopia relations are the bilateral relations between the governments of Egypt and Ethiopia. Both countries established diplomatic ties in 1927 to be the oldest on the African continent and one of the oldest in the world. They are both members of the African Union, Nile Basin Initiative and share a relation of special nature due to their crucial roles in vital issues such as the Nile water file and the interest both share on establishing security in the Horn of Africa region by combating terrorism and piracy. In 2021, Ethiopia closed its embassy in Cairo due to financial reasons. In November 2022, Ethiopia reopened its embassy in Cairo.

History
The first contact between the two people dates back nearly seven thousand years ago when the ancient Egyptians launched their earliest recorded expedition to the Land of Punt under Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty although Punt gold dates back to even earlier times during the rule of King Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty. Ancient Egyptians called this place Ta netjer (The Gods' Land) and viewed it as a mysterious and unknown land of great fortune. They frequently engaged in trade expeditions with their partners in Punt where they acquired gold, incense, ebony, ivory, slaves, exotic animals and skins.

Egypt under the Muhammad Ali Pasha dynasty attempted to modernize and form an Egyptian empire, engaging in many wars, against the Ottomans, the Sudanese and others. In the 1870s, Egypt invaded Ethiopia resulting in an Ethiopian victory in the resulting Hewett Treaty.

Relations eventually cooled down, and in 1905, Ethiopia first bank was founded in Cairo. During the Second Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Egyptians sympathized with Ethiopia. The Egyptian Red Cross was sent to Ethiopia, while Egyptians denounced the Italian invasion. After World War II, where Egypt and Ethiopia fought for the Allies, Egypt and Ethiopia were founding members of the United Nations. After the 1952 Egyptian revolution, Egypt's pro-British monarchy was replaced with a military junta, eventually consolidating under Gamal Abdel Nasser. As Afrians nations that suffered under colonialism, revolutionary anti-colonialism post World War II led to both states attending the Bandung Conference, a meeting from newly independent African and Asian states. Ethiopia and Egypt were founding members of the Organization of African Unity in 1963. Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie visited Cairo in 1959 and 1970.

Two major events in these countries led to a major deterioration in relations. The Ethiopian Revolution overthrow the Selassie government and replaced it with a socialist government ruled by the DERG, and the Corrective Revolution in Egypt, a period of anti-Nasserist purges and the change in Egyptian foreign policy towards the West during the Cold War led by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat. Egypt joined the Safari Club, a clandestine network of anti-communist intelligence services during the Cold War. Egypt covertly supported Somalia during the Ogaden War, a war between Somalia and Ethiopia over the Ogaden region.

Sadat's successor, Hosni Mubarak, sought to repair ties with Ethiopia. Egypt promises neutrality in the Ethiopian civil war

Religious relations
Religion plays a crucial role in bringing the two countries closer as the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was under the administration of the Coptic Orthodox Church until 1959, when it was appointed its own Patriarch by the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa, Cyril VI. Ethiopian Muslims are also closely attached to Al-Azhar in Cairo, where they have their own column to study under, named Al-Jabarta Column, under which numerous scholars studied such as Shaykh Abdurahman al-Jabarti.

Economic relations
In 1905, the National Bank of Egypt helped establish Ethiopia's first ever bank, “The Bank of Abyssinia” which operated as an affiliate of the NBE, it received a 50-year monopoly and was the Ethiopian government's fiscal agent as well as the sole issuer of notes and was responsible for collecting deposits and granting loans as well as trading in gold and silver, stockpiling staple commodities and investments. In a sense, it operated as both a central and a commercial bank until 1930 when it was handed over to the Ethiopian government after Haile Selassie's ascension to the throne who could not accept that the country's issuing bank was foreign-owned. A new government-controlled bank, the Bank of Ethiopia, was installed in 1931 and kept management and almost all staff, premises and clients of the old bank until the Italian invasion in 1936 when it was liquidated. Today, there are over 72 Egyptian investments projects in Ethiopia in the fields of agriculture, livestock production, industry, tourism and real estate. Another project under implementation is an Egyptian industrial zone in the city of Adama, about 90 km from the capital Addis Ababa. Also, the Arab Contractors company opened an office in the country. Below is statistical data showing the significant development of trade between the two countries between 2007 and 2009 in million US dollars of value:

Nile water
Ethiopia accused Egypt with 1929, a British-sponsored treaty between Egypt and some Nile basin colonies, without the participation of Ethiopia, awarded Egypt the right to veto any project that it deems threatening to its water share. More recently, Ethiopia announced the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) project, claiming that would allow it to better exploit its water resources, rejecting the old treaty and stressing that it wasn't a member back then. According to the Egyptian authorities, the dam, if built, would become existential threat to 100 million Egyptians.

Sameh Shoukry, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Egypt, has also complained about even though Cairo initiated and engaged in painstaking negotiations on the dam to reach a fair and just agreement, those efforts “came to naught”. Indeed, throughout negotiations, Egypt faced an unjustifiable campaign of unfounded claims that Cairo sought to bind parties to agreements from the “dark era of colonialism”, emphasizing that every Nile-related treaty Ethiopia has concluded was signed by its Government and as an independent State, including one involving the Emperor of Abyssinia in 1902 prohibiting construction of any waterworks across the Blue Nile that would affect the river's natural flow.

Ethiopia turned down several requests from Egypt and Sudan to negotiate a binding agreement, furthering tensions between the two countries. The resulting dispute over the GERD has soured recent relations, with Egypt threatening war over Ethiopia.