Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales

The Eighty-five Martyrs of England and Wales, also known as George Haydock and Eighty-four Companion Martyrs, are a group of men who were executed on charges of treason and related offences in the Kingdom of England between 1584 and 1679. Of the eighty-five, seventy-five (sixty-one priests and fourteen laymen) were executed under the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584.

They are considered martyrs in the Roman Catholic Church and were beatified on 22 November 1987 by Pope John Paul II.

List of individual names
They were chosen from a number of priests and laymen executed between 1584 and 1679. Their names are:


 * John Adams
 * Thomas Atkinson
 * Edward Bamber
 * George Beesley
 * Arthur Bell
 * Thomas Belson
 * Robert Bickerdike
 * Alexander Blake
 * Marmaduke Bowes
 * John Britton
 * Thomas Bullaker
 * Edward Burden
 * Roger Cadwallador
 * William Carter
 * Alexander Crow
 * William Davies
 * Robert Dibdale
 * George Douglas
 * Robert Drury
 * Edmund Duke
 * George Errington
 * Roger Filcock
 * John Fingley
 * Matthew Flathers
 * Richard Flower
 * Nicholas Garlick
 * William Gibson
 * Ralph Grimston
 * Robert Grissold
 * John Hambley
 * Robert Hardesty
 * George Haydock
 * Henry Heath
 * Richard Hill
 * John Hogg
 * Richard Holiday
 * Nicholas Horner
 * Thomas Hunt
 * Thurstan Hunt
 * Francis Ingleby
 * William Knight
 * Joseph Lambton
 * William Lampley
 * John Lowe
 * Robert Ludlam
 * Charles Mahoney
 * Robert Middleton
 * George Nichols
 * John Norton
 * Robert Nutter
 * Edward Osbaldeston
 * Anthony Page
 * Thomas Palasor
 * William Pike
 * Thomas Pilchard
 * Thomas Pormort
 * Nicholas Postgate
 * Humphrey Pritchard
 * Christopher Robinson
 * Stephen Rowsham
 * John Sandys
 * Montford Scott
 * Richard Sergeant
 * Richard Simpson
 * Peter Snow
 * William Southerne
 * William Spenser
 * Thomas Sprott
 * John Sugar
 * Robert Sutton
 * Edmund Sykes
 * John Talbot
 * Hugh Taylor
 * William Thomson
 * Robert Thorpe
 * John Thules
 * Edward Thwing
 * Thomas Watkinson
 * Henry Webley
 * Christopher Wharton
 * Thomas Whittaker
 * John Woodcock
 * Nicholas Woodfen
 * Roger Wrenno
 * Richard Yaxley

Liturgical Feast Day
In England, these martyrs, together with those beatified between 1886 and 1929, are commemorated by a feast day on 4 May. This day also honours the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales who hold the rank of saint; the Forty Martyrs were honoured separately on 25 October until the liturgical calendar for England was revised in the year 2000.

In Wales, 4 May specifically commemorates the beatified martyrs of England and Wales. Five of the martyrs named in this group of 85, Three – William Davies, Humphrey Pritchard (or Humphrey ap Richard) and Charles Mahoney – have Welsh connections, and two – William Gibson and George Douglas – have Scottish connections. In the Welsh calendar, 25 October is still kept as a distinct feast of the 'Six Welsh Martyrs and their companions', as the Forty canonised Martyrs are known in Wales.

Historical context and treason accusations
Queen Elizabeth I was excommunicated by Pope Pius V, on 25 February 1570, creating a situation full of perplexity for English Roman Catholics. Once this declaration was made, a number of Catholics acted on it, and a number, under the influence of Spanish ambassador Bernardino de Mendoza and others, were implicated in plots against Elizabeth which were undoubtedly treasonable from the English Government's point of view. That a certain party of English Catholics was in rebellion against Elizabeth is not disputed. Thus William Allen, with many of the exiles of Douai and Louvain, and Robert Persons, with many of the Jesuits, saw in the rule of Elizabeth a greater danger to the highest interests of England than had previously been threatened in cases where history had justified the deposition of kings. And the supreme authority had sanctioned this view.

In the eyes of Elizabeth and her ministers, such opposition was nothing less than high treason. But a large number of English Catholics refused to go so far as rebellion. As John Lingard writes:

"Among the English Catholics (the bull) served only to breed doubts, dissensions, and dismay. Many contended that it had been issued by an incompetent authority; others that it could not bind the natives till it should be carried into actual execution by some foreign power; all agreed that it was in their regard an imprudent and cruel expedient, which rendered them liable to the suspicion of disloyalty, and afforded their enemies a presence to brand them with the name of traitors."

The next pope, Gregory XIII, on 14 April 1580 issued a declaration that although Elizabeth and her abettors remained subject to the excommunication, it was not to be binding on Catholics to their detriment. The majority of English Roman Catholics then did not give the royal government grounds for suspecting their loyalty, but they persisted in the practice of their religion, which was made possible only by the coming of the seminary priests. After the Northern Rising, Parliament had passed a statute (the Bulls, etc., from Rome Act 1571) declaring it to be high treason to put into effect any papal bull of absolution to absolve or reconcile any person to the Church of Rome, to be absolved or reconciled, or to procure or publish any papal bull or writing whatsoever. Purely religious acts were declared by Parliament to be treasonable.

Elizabeth's government, for its own purposes, refused to make any distinction between Catholics who had been engaged in open opposition to the Queen and those who were forced by conscience to ignore the provisions of this statute of 1571. All were purposely identified by the government and treated as one for controversial purposes.

This view was put forward officially in a pamphlet by William Cecil, Lord Burghley:

"The Execution of Justice in England for maintenance of public and Christian peace, against certain stirrers of sedition and adherents to the traitors and enemies of the realm without any persecution of them for questions of religion, as is falsely reported, and published by the fautors and fosterers of their treasons."

In it, Burghley gave no credit to Catholic priests risking their lives for any religious purpose, but opined "the seminary fugitives come secretly into the realm to induce the people to obey the Pope's bull."

Under the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, it became high treason for any seminary priest, or any Jesuit, simply to come to England; and felony for any person to harbour or relieve them. Burghley insists that before the excommunication no one had been charged with capital crimes on the ground of religion, and brings everything back to the question of the bull. The pamphlet ends by proposing six questions or tests by which traitors might be distinguished from simple scholars (the so-called "bloody questions").

Contemporary controversy
William Allen, in his Answer to the Libel of English Justice published in 1584, joined issue on all points, stating "that many priests and other Catholics in England have been persecuted, condemned and executed for mere matter of religion and for transgression only of new statutes which make cases of conscience to be treason without all pretence or surmise of any old treasons or statutes for the same". He defended Edmund Campion and the other martyrs from the imputation of treason.