Electroless nickel immersion gold

Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG or ENi/IAu), also known as immersion gold (Au), chemical Ni/Au or soft gold, is a metal plating process used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs), to avoid oxidation and improve the solderability of copper contacts and plated through-holes. It consists of an electroless nickel plating, covered with a thin layer of gold, which protects the nickel from oxidation. The gold is typically applied by quick immersion in a solution containing gold salts. Some of the nickel is oxidized to Ni(2+) while the gold is reduced to metallic state. A variant of this process adds a thin layer of electroless palladium over the nickel, a process known by the acronym ENEPIG.

ENIG can be applied before or after the solder mask, also known as "overall" or "selective chemical Ni/Au," respectively. The latter type is more common and significantly cheaper as less gold is needed to cover only the solder pads.

Advantages and disadvantages
ENIG and ENEPIG are meant to replace the more conventional coatings of solder, such as hot air solder leveling (HASL/HAL). While more expensive and require more processing steps, they have several advantages, including excellent surface planarity (important for ball grid array component mounting), good oxidation resistance, and suitability for movable contacts such as membrane switches and plug-in connectors.

Early ENIG processes had poor adhesion to copper and lower solderability than HASL. In addition, a non-conductive layer containing nickel and phosphorus, known as "black pad", could form over the coating due to sulfur-containing compounds from the solder mask leaching into the plating bath.

Standards
The quality and other aspects of ENIG coatings for PCBs are covered by IPC Standard 4552A, while IPC standard 7095D, about ball array connectors, covers some ENIG problems and their remediation.

Plating Process Steps
Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) is a surface finish commonly applied to printed circuit boards (PCBs). It involves a multi-step process starting with meticulous cleaning and activation of the copper surface. Electroless nickel plating, a chemical reaction without external electricity, deposits a nickel layer onto the copper. This is followed by a brief immersion in a gold solution, creating a thin gold layer through a displacement reaction. This gold protects the nickel from oxidation and improves solderability. ENIG offers superior surface planarity, oxidation resistance, and suitability for movable contacts compared to traditional finishes like HASL, but it is more expensive and can be prone to adhesion issues and "black pad" formation if not carefully controlled. The ENIG process is outlined in IPC-4552A, while IPC-7095D addresses potential problems and solutions.