Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial

The Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial is a sculpture garden located in Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The garden, located along the left bank of the Schuylkill River between Boathouse Row and the Girard Avenue Bridge, was established by the Fairmount Park Art Association (now the Association for Public Art) and dedicated in 1961.

The idea for a series of sculptures came from Ellen Phillips Samuel, a philanthropist who left a significant amount of money to the art association in her will, with the stipulation that it be used to erect public sculptures that would represent the history of the United States. Following the death of Ellen in 1913 and her husband several years later, the association organized a committee to oversee the creation of these monuments, with architect Paul Philippe Cret developing a plan for three connected terraces with distinct themes represented by the sculptures present in them. To select the sculptors for the memorial, the association organized three international art exhibitions held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1933, 1940, and 1949, that attracted hundreds of sculptors and saw attendances in the hundreds of thousands. The final sculpture was erected in 1960 and the memorial was dedicated the following year.

The memorial has received generally mixed to negative reviews from art critics, with many criticizing the relationship between the sculptures and the surrounding architecture. For example, in a review of the memorial, architect Alfred Bendiner praised the architecture, but called the choice of sculptures "a most irritating collection of uninteresting examples of the work of outstanding men and women, most of whom have done much better elsewhere". Penny Balkin Bach, an executive director of the art association, has stated that the memorial is "as much a monument to the confusion about what constituted modern public art" as it is a memorial honoring Samuel. Additional criticism has centered on the memorial's Eurocentric depiction of American history.

Ellen Phillips Samuel
Born on March 4, 1849, Ellen Phillips Samuel was a member of a prominent Philadelphia family, with her father being a distinguished member of the local bar association and her uncle, Henry Myer Phillips, being a member of the United States House of Representatives. As an adult, she was an active member of the Fairmount Park Art Association, a private nonprofit public art organization in the city. Upon her death in 1913, she bequeathed much of her estate to the art association, specifying that the revenue raised from it be used to erect public sculptures that were "emblematic of the history of America—ranging in time from the earliest settlers of America to the present era". At the time, the bequeathment was reportedly one of the largest of its kind, amounting to over $500,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). In 1969, separate from her will-stipulated memorial, the art association erected a fountain in John F. Kennedy Plaza in her honor.

Initial plans
According to architect Alfred Bendiner, Samuel had been inspired by a statue-lined canal she had visited in Padua and hoped to emulate that with a row of statues along the Schuylkill River, on a 2000 ft stretch of land from Boathouse Row to the Girard Avenue Bridge, near Laurel Hill Cemetery. As a result, after her death, her widower J. Bunford Samuel commissioned Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson to create a sculpture of Thorfinn Karlsefni, an early European explorer of North America. The sculpture was erected near the Sedgeley Club along the Schuylkill River in Fairmount Park, in line with Samuel's will, which stipulated the location of the monuments to be in the park along East River Drive. Bunford hoped for the statue to be the first part of the memorial, which would consist of a series of 20 statues of individuals from American history organized along the left bank of the river in 200 ft increments. Some in the local art community criticized Bunford for his selection of a non-American sculptor for the project, and according to Bendiner, there were efforts to prevent the statue from being erected in the park. After the statue's erection, Bunford abandoned any plans to commission more art, though he remained hopeful that the overall idea for a row of statues would eventually be executed. However, this plan would not come to fruition.

In 1929, following Bunford's death, the funds became fully available to the art association, though plans for the memorial were not acted upon until the Great Depression. Following this, the association created a committee to oversee the erection of these new monuments, with the members chosen by association president Eli Kirk Price II. This committee, consisting predominately of young men, rejected Bunford's plans for a row of life-like statues and instead opted for more abstract sculptures that highlighted the "expression of the ideas, the motivations, the spiritual forces, and the yearnings that have created America". The committee hired Paul Philippe Cret, a professor of architecture at the University of Pennsylvania, who created an overall design for the memorial, which would consist of three connected terraces along the Schuylkill River just south of the Girard Avenue Bridge that would house various sculptures. The south terrace would represent the founding of the United States as a democratic republic and the settlement of the East Coast, the central terrace would represent westward expansion, the end of slavery, and immigration, and the north terrace would represent the more esoteric values that defined the country. As part of the design, Cret designed much of the overall architecture for the memorial, including exedrae. In January 1933, the committee met and approved an overall plan for the development of the memorial that would allow for the sculptors to have a large degree of freedom in their interpretation of the themes. The committee also decided on a series of quotes that would be inscribed on the architecture of the memorial.

First Sculpture International (1933)
In selecting the sculptors who would create art for the memorial, Samuel had asked the art association to put requests in newspapers around the world, offering to cover any shipping costs. Seeking to honor her wishes, the committee sent requests to sculptors around the world to submit designs for the memorial and offered to pay for transporting select works. The art association partnered with the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Philadelphia Art Alliance to hold an international art exhibition at the museum called the Sculpture International, which ran from May through September 1933. The exhibition featured 364 works by 105 artists from the United States, England, France, Germany, Romania, Russia, and Spain. It was covered by newspapers nationwide, with many calling it one of the largest sculpture exhibitions in the country's history, and the museum saw its attendance double. According to committee member Robert Sturgis Ingersoll, museum curator Henri Gabriel Marceau was the "sparkplug of the endeavor" who led the organizing efforts for this and all future Sculpture Internationals.

The Public Ledger of Philadelphia held a reader straw poll, with voters selecting the works of Walker Hancock, Carl Milles, Harry Rosin, Alexander Stirling Calder, William Zorach, and Albert Laessle as the best. However, the committee instead selected John Bernard Flannagan, Wallace Kelly, Hélène Sardeau (the only woman selected by the committee), and Heinz Warneke to create limestone sculptures, while Robert Laurent and Gaston Lachaise (later replaced by Maurice Sterne) would design bronze sculptures. These sculptures would be installed in the central terrace. Other notable sculptors who participated in the 1933 Sculpture International include Alexander Archipenko, Jacques Lipchitz, Aristide Maillol, Henri Matisse, and Isamu Noguchi.

Second Sculpture International (1940)
In mid-1940, the committee held another Sculpture International, though the recent outbreak of the Second World War prevented many foreign artists from attending. Instead, many of the works by foreign artists on display at the exhibition were on loan from other American museums and private collectors, while many American sculptures were on loan from either the Whitney Museum of American Art or the federal government of the United States. At the time, the government had several New Deal agencies that directly employed artists, including the United States Department of the Treasury's Section of Fine Arts and the Federal Art Project of the Work Projects Administration (WPA). The exhibition opened on May 18 with 431 works on display and 90 WPA tour guides conducting visitors around the exhibition.

In contrast to the 1933 exhibition, the art featured in this Sculpture International displayed a great deal of diversity in material, composition, and style. Due to both material shortages and financial difficulties from the war, as well as new approaches to sculpture such as direct carving, materials featured in the exhibition's sculptures included aluminum, cast iron, cement, fieldstone, stainless steel, and wood, among others. The exhibition also featured a number of pieces of kinetic art, including two large mobiles by Calder and a rotating sculpture by Constantin Brâncuși displayed near the museum entrance. Art critics questioned the classification of several of the works as art, and there was a debate amongst the artists present on the value of abstract art over more realistic depictions. In the end, the committee selected Erwin Frey, Henry Kreis, Rosin, and Wheeler Williams to create works for the south terrace. These six were awarded commissions of $10,000 each, and in total, the sculptors selected from these two Sculpture Internationals were awarded $94,000 in commissions.

Third Sculpture International (1949)
With the entry of the United States into World War II in 1941, work on the memorial largely ceased for the next several years. However, following the conclusion of World War II in 1945, another Sculpture International was held in 1949. The exhibition featured 252 displays and was attended by over a quarter of a million people. Life magazine called the exhibition "the world's biggest sculpture show" and published a famous image of 70 of the sculptors whose works were on display. According to sculptor Jo Davidson, who was in attendance, "Never had so many sculptors been scrubbed and assembled in one place before". This was the first of the Sculpture Internationals where pieces were for sale, and the art association purchased several other works that they would later install around the city. From this exhibition, the committee selected Ahron Ben-Shmuel, Jose de Creeft, Koren der Harootian, and Waldemar Raemisch to design stone works for the north terrace, while Lipchitz and Jacob Epstein were selected to craft bronze sculptures. Almost all of the selected artists were either born or living outside of the United States, prompting committee member Ingersoll to call the group "an artistic League of Nations".

Dedication and later history
In 1960, Lipchitz's bronze work was placed at the north terrace, marking the final piece installed at the memorial. The following year, the memorial was formally dedicated. A commemorative plaque affixed to the structure reads:

"Ellen Phillips Samuel Memorial 1957 Sculptors, architects, and trustees of the Fairmount Park Art Association, under whose direction joined in the creation of 'The Emblematic History of the United States'."

In 1985, Stone Age in America, a statue by John J. Boyle, was relocated from the Sweetbriar mansion to a location just south of the memorial where, according to the Association for Public Art (aPA), "it expands on the Memorial's sculptural evocation of American history". The next year, Jacques Lipchitz's bronze work, The Spirit of Enterprise, was relocated from the memorial's north terrace to the central terrace to increase its visibility to the public. In 2018, the statue of Thorfinn Karlsefni was removed from its pedestal by vandals who pushed the monument into the Schuylkill River. This came during a period of time when the Keystone State Skinheads had been using the statue as a meeting place. The statue was later recovered by the aPA, and as of 2023, it is in storage. In 2023, the aPA announced the installation of a temporary, exhibition, Steel Bodies, by sculptor Maren Hassinger, that would be on display from June 12 to November 12. The exhibition, consisting of ten steel sculptures, is the first contemporary art exhibition held at the memorial and, according to the aPA, is part of the association's "commitment to reanimate, reimagine and reinterpret the historic site within a contemporary context".

Analysis
Concerning the overall style of the memorial, Penny Balkin Bach, the executive director of the Fairmount Park Art Association, stated in a 1992 book that "[t]he Samuel Memorial is emblematic of that period of turmoil and transition when artists and patrons were in search of new forms and meanings in an increasingly volatile world". In a 1976 publication, the art association stated that the memorial "[represents] a wide variety of artistic expression", with an overall style typical of that "used in Federal projects in the 1930s".

Critical reception
Among art critics, the memorial has received mostly mixed to negative reviews. Dorothy Grafly, daughter of sculptor Charles Grafly, was highly critical of the memorial, calling the relationship between the architecture and sculpture flawed and saying, "[the memorial] may claim the doubtful honor of having perpetrated one of America's leading contemporary art atrocities". In a 1974 book, Ingersoll gave a mixed review of the memorial, saying, "[c]ertain of the pieces are true masterpieces, and there are few mediocrities", though he criticized the memorial's selection of artists for the south terrace, calling their works "markedly static and serious, perhaps too serious, lacking any romantic touch". In a 1976 book, Bendiner said Cret's overall design for the memorial was "mentally sound" and something that "could have been lovely", but called the overall choice of sculpture "a most irritating collection of uninteresting examples of the work of outstanding men and women, most of whom have done much better elsewhere". In a 1992 book, Bach stated that by the time the memorial was dedicated it was "as much a monument to the confusion about what constituted modern public art as a tribute to Mrs. Samuel's unprecedented generosity". Bach stated that the site's overall architectural design limited the sculptors' ability to create pieces for the memorial and called the overall choice of sculpture "unsettling". However, she also praised The Spirit of Enterprise, calling it the "most powerful and successful work" in the memorial.

Criticism of historical accuracy
According to the aPA, the memorial presents "a narrow view of the history of America as it lacks an authentic Indigenous perspective; presents an enslaved Black person in shackles, and highlights primarily white European immigrants". Susan Myers, a member of the aPA and project manager of the Steel Bodies exhibit, stated regarding the memorial, "As any kind of memorial that’s talking about the emblematic history of America, it’s complicated. It’s from one perspective usually. That can lead to some representation issues". A 2023 article from cultural critic Rosa Cartagena in The Philadelphia Inquirer stated that the memorial did not accurately reflect the role of "Black Americans, people of color, and women" in American history, while cultural critic Peter Crimmins of WHYY.org referred to the memorial as "problematic", calling particular attention to how The Slave is the only statue in the garden that depicts an African person and how Settling the Seaboard "suggests a false complicity from Indigenous people regarding the westward expansion of the new American nation". A 2023 article on PhillyVoice.com also highlighted the lack of diversity among both the sculpture subjects and sculptors, noting that Hassinger was the only black artist to have their work exhibited at the site.