Elsa the lioness

Elsa the lioness (c. 28 January 1956 – 24 January 1961) was a female lion raised along with her sisters "Big One" and "Lustica" by game warden George Adamson and his wife Joy Adamson after they were orphaned at only a few days old. Though her two sisters eventually went to the Netherlands' Rotterdam Zoo, Elsa was trained by the Adamsons to survive on her own, and was eventually released into the wild.

Her story is told in several books by the Adamsons, as well as the 1966 motion picture Born Free.

Life
Elsa and her sisters were orphaned on 1 February 1956 after George Adamson was forced to kill their mother when she charged him, in defense of her three cubs. George only later realised why the lioness had acted so aggressively towards him. George and his wife Joy then adopted the lioness’s four-day-old cubs.

While Elsa lived in many ways like a domesticated pet when she was small, Joy Adamson, whom Elsa trusted the most, considered her relationship with Elsa to be that of equals. Indeed, after sending the other two to a zoo, Joy was fiercely determined to give Elsa the education she needed to hunt and live in the wild. Her efforts paid off, earning Elsa worldwide fame at the time, when her early life’s story was published in the book Born Free. When Elsa was three years old, she brought three cubs of her own to show to the Adamsons, whom the Adamsons named "Jespah" (male), "Gopa" (male), and "Little Elsa" (female). The life of Elsa and her cubs is covered in the book Living Free, published not long afterwards.

Over time there was growing opposition to Elsa and the Adamsons so eventually they were told they had to relocate her and her cubs. However, before long Elsa became ill and died of a form of babesiosis, a tick-borne blood disease similar to malaria which often infects the cat family. Elsa’s grave is in the Meru National Park. After Elsa’s death the cubs were still only just over a year old and the Adamsons knew they were still too young to be able to hunt for themselves so they continued to provide goats for the cubs. However, the cubs disappeared for several weeks and were found to have been attacking goats belonging to local tribesmen. On one such raid by the cubs Jespah was hit by an arrow which fortunately was not tipped with poison but the Adamsons knew they had to find somewhere to relocate the cubs or they would almost certainly be killed.

Eventually they were given permission to move the cubs to the Serengeti National Park. After their release the Adamsons were initially allowed to continue to camp close to the release point to monitor them and continue to provide them with food to help them until they could reliably hunt for themselves. However, after a while the Park authorities decided it was time to leave the cubs to fend for themselves because of their concerns about the safety of tourists to the park being around lions who were used to humans so the Adamsons were told to leave. The Adamsons knew the cubs would most likely starve and needed more time to develop their hunting skills. However, the park authorities would not grant permission so the Adamsons were forced to break camp.

Joy Adamson then decided to pay for them to be allowed to stay on as regular park tourists but they had to stay at the designated tourist accommodation so were forced to drive out each day to find the cubs which was becoming ever more difficult. After many days of searching they finally managed to find the cubs again and spent the next few days with them. Jespah still had the arrow head in his side and the Adamsons made plans to bring along a vet and make another attempt to remove it. However, when they returned they could not find the cubs and it proved to be the last time they ever saw the cubs together though George Adamson was able to find Little Elsa, healthy and in the company of two other unrelated lions, during 19 months of subsequent searching. This was the last time that the Adamsons saw any of Elsa's cubs.

Books

 * Born Free 1960 – Written by Joy Adamson; Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 60-6792
 * Living Free 1961 – Written by Joy Adamson; Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 61-15810
 * Forever Free 1962 – Written by Joy Adamson; Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 63-8081
 * Bwana Game (UK Title) 1968, A Lifetime With Lions (USA Title) 1970 – Written by George Adamson
 * My Pride and Joy 1986 – Written by George Adamson – ISNS 978-0-00-272518-7 0 00 272518 5.

Films

 * Elsa the Lioness (1961), 29 minutes; BBC documentary produced, hosted and narrated by David Attenborough. Filmed just before Elsa's death, it follows Joy and George Adamson as they search for Elsa (who has been wounded in a fight with another lioness) and her three cubs. It shows remarkable footage of Meru National Park and its wildlife. Joy Adamson recounts the visit of Attenborough and his cameraman Geoff Mulligan in her book Living Free.
 * Born Free (1966), 95 minutes; starring Bill Travers and Virginia McKenna – George Adamson was the technical advisor. Directed by James Hill. Academy Award winner and Golden Globe Award winner.
 * Living Free (1972), starring Susan Hampshire and Nigel Davenport, based not on the book by the same name, but on the third book of the series, Forever Free.
 * Elsa and Her Cubs, 25 minutes; Film footage of Elsa and her cubs Jespah, Gopa, and Little Elsa. It includes Joy and George Adamson. Although the film begins by saying the narrator is George Adamson, it is not George Adamson speaking.

Television

 * A documentary follow-up to Born Free, titled The Lions Are Free, was directed by James Hill and Bill Travers and released in 1969. The film follows Born Free actor Bill Travers as he journeys to a remote area in Kenya to visit George Adamson, and several of Adamson's lion friends.
 * Born Free (1974), television series based on the film, starring Gary Collins and Diana Muldaur.
 * The Born Free Legacy (2010); Documentary marking the 50th anniversary of Joy Adamson's book Born Free.
 * Elsa: The Lioness that Changed the World (2011); Shown in the US under the title Elsa's Legacy: The Born Free Story. Also to celebrate the 50 year anniversary of the book a further documentary was produced which was a collaboration between BBC in the UK for their series Natural World and PBS for their series Nature. It uses extensive archive footage shot by the Adamsons themselves during their time with Elsa and commentary voiced by an actor taken from the writings of George Adamson. It also features contributions from Virginia McKenna, Tony Fitzjohn and Sir David Attenborough.