Expr

expr is a command line utility on Unix and Unix-like operating systems which evaluates an expression and outputs the corresponding value. It first appeared in Unix v7. The command is available for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities. The expr command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.

Overview
expr evaluates integer or string expressions, including pattern matching regular expressions. Each symbol (operator, value, etc.) in the expression must be given as a separate parameter. Most of the challenge posed in writing expressions is preventing the invoking command line shell from acting on characters intended for expr to process.

Syntax
Syntax: expr expression

The operators available
 * for integers: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and modulus
 * for strings: match a regular expression; in some versions: find a set of characters in a string ("index"), find substring ("substr"), length of string ("length")
 * for either: comparison (equal, not equal, less than, etc.)

Example
The following is a (non-POSIX-compliant) example involving boolean expressions: expr length "abcdef"  "<"  5  "|"  15  -  4  ">"  8 This example outputs "1". This is because length "abcdef" is 6, which is not less than 5 (so the left side of the | returns zero). But 15 minus 4 is 11 and is greater than 8, so the right side is true, which makes the or true, so 1 is the result. The program exit status is zero for this example.

For pure arithmetic, it is often more convenient to use bc. For example: echo "3 * 4 + 14 / 2" | bc since it accepts the expression as a single argument.

For portable shell programming, use of the "index", "length", "match" and "substr" commands must be avoided; string matching remains possible but it must use the "string : regexp" syntax.