Ezekiel the Tragedian

Ezekiel the Tragedian – also known as Ezekiel the Dramatist and Ezekiel the Poet – was a Jewish dramatist who wrote in Alexandria. Naomi Yavneh has placed his work in the 3rd century BCE, while Howard Jacobson estimates the 2nd century BCE. Evidence of the date is not definitive.

His only known work – Exagōgē – is the earliest known Jewish play. It survives only in fragments found in the writings of Eusebius (PrEv 9, 28-29), Clement of Alexandria (Strom. 1.23.155f.), and Pseudo-Eustathius (Commentarius in Hexaemeron, PG 18, 729). Nevertheless, the extensive quotations by these writers make possible the assembly of 269 lines of text, about 20-25% of the whole. The only remnant of the Greco-Jewish poets which is more extensive is that found in the Sibylline Oracles.

Exagōgē is a five-act drama written in iambic trimeter, retelling of the biblical story of The Exodus from Egypt. Moses is the main character of the play, and parts of the biblical story have been altered to suit the narrative's needs. These changes probably point to Ezekiel's intention to stage the play, since certain scenes that are impossible to stage were converted into monologue. This drama is unique in blending the biblical story with the Hellenistic tragic drama.

The main modern edition is a parallel-text English-Greek edition by classical scholar Howard Jacobson. It was adapted by Edward Einhorn as an play/opera/immersive Passover seder, with music by Avner Finberg, for a production at La MaMa in 2024.