Favard's theorem

In mathematics, Favard's theorem, also called the Shohat–Favard theorem, states that a sequence of  polynomials satisfying a suitable 3-term recurrence relation  is a sequence of orthogonal polynomials. The theorem was introduced in the theory of orthogonal polynomials by  and, though essentially the same theorem was used by Stieltjes in the theory of  continued fractions  many years before Favard's paper, and was rediscovered several times by other authors before Favard's work.

Statement
Suppose that y0 = 1, y1, ... is a sequence of polynomials where yn has degree n. If this is a sequence of orthogonal polynomials for some positive weight function then it satisfies a 3-term recurrence relation. Favard's theorem is roughly a converse of this, and states that if these polynomials satisfy a 3-term recurrence relation of the form
 * $$ y_{n+1}= (x-c_n)y_n - d_n y_{n-1}$$

for some numbers cn and dn, then the polynomials yn form an orthogonal sequence for some linear functional Λ with Λ(1)=1; in other words Λ(ymyn) = 0 if m ≠ n.

The linear functional Λ is unique, and is given by Λ(1) = 1, Λ(yn) = 0 if n > 0.

The functional Λ satisfies Λ(y$2 n$) = dn Λ(y$2 n–1$), which implies that  Λ is positive definite if (and only if) the numbers cn are real and the numbers dn are positive.