File:Elders2a.jpg

Raute
Raute are a nomadic ethnic group officially recognized by the Government of Nepal. They are known especially for their hunting of langur and macaque monkeys for subsistence. They also gather wild forest tubers, fruits, and greens on a regular basis. They normally do no gardening, farming, or work for others as tenants or wage laborers. To obtain grain, iron, cloth, and jewelry, they trade handmade wooden bowls and boxes to local farmers. They do not sell other forest products, bushmeat, or forest medicinal plants.

Their population is estimated at about 650 persons living in small settlements in the Karnali and Mahakali (Kali) watershed regions of western Nepal. Their language is currently classified as Tibeto-Burman and is closely related to the language spoken by two related ethnic groups, the Ban Raji ("Little Rulers of the Forest") and Raji ("Little Rulers") of the same region (Fortier and Rastogi 2004). The Raute use this name for their autonym, their own name for themselves, as well as their exonym, the name used by outsiders to refer to them. The closest language to Raute known at the present time is Chepang, spoken by an ethnic group of west-central Nepal who also have been hunter-gatherers until the current generation.

References: Bista, Dor Bahadur 1978	Encounter with the Raute: Last Hunting Nomads of Nepal. Kailash 4(4):317-327.; Caughley, R. 1976	Chepang Whistled Talk. In Speech Surrogates: Drum and Whistle System. T. Sebeok and D. Umiker, eds. Pp. 966-992. NY: Mouton; Fortier, Jana 2000 Monkey's Thigh Is the Shaman's Meat: Ideologies of Sharing among the Raute of Western Nepal. Senri Ethnological Series 53:113-47; 2003	Reflections on Raute Identity. Studies in Nepalese History and Society 8(2):317-48.; Fortier, Jana, and Kavita Rastogi 2004	Sister Languages? Comparative Phonology of Two Himalayan Languages. Nepalese Linguistics 21:42-52.; Manandhar, N. P., and Sanjay Manandhar 2002	Plants and People of Nepal. Portland, OR: Timber Press.; Rai, Nanda K. 1985	People of the Stones, the Chepangs of Central Nepal. Kathmandu: Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University; Rastogi, Kavita 2002	Raji: Language of a Vanishing Himalayan Tribe. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 25(2):155-167.; Rastogi, Kavita, and Jana Fortier 2005	Daa, Nii, Sum/Khung: Comparative Vocabulary of the West-Central Himalayan Languages Rawati (Raji) and Khamci (Raute). Indian Linguistics 66:105-115.; Reinhard, Johan 1974	The Raute: Notes on a Nomadic Hunting and Gathering Tribe of Nepal. 2(4):233-271.; Singh, Nanda Bahadur 1997	The Endangered Raute Tribe: Ethnobiology and Biodiversity. kathmandu: Global Research Carrel for Ethnobiology --Jfortier 15:08, 22 August 2007 (UTC)