File:Pitofdespair-Harlow.jpg

Copyright: Harry Harlow, University of Wisconsin.

Source: This image taken from.

First published in Harlow, H.F. (1974). "Induction and alleviation of depressive states in monkeys," pp. 197-208 in Ethology and psychiatry (N. F. White, ed). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. The image appears as figure 5, p. 201.

Also available in Stephens, Martin L. Maternal Deprivation Experiments in Psycholgy: A Critique of Animal Models. The American Anti-Vivisection Society, The National Anti-Vivisection Society, New England Anti-Vivisection. 1986, p. 48.

Rationale for use in Pit of despair
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws, and the stricter requirements of Wikipedia's non-free content policies, because:
 * 1) It is an iconic photograph of an historically significant animal experiment conducted by psychologist Harry Harlow at the University of Wisconsin in the late 1960s.
 * 2) It is a low-resolution image. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality.
 * 3) It is only being used for informational purposes.
 * 4) Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to its educational value, because it is difficult to imagine the impact of the experiment&mdash;on the humans and animals engaged in it, and on the public who heard about it&mdash;from a description alone. One example of a source discussing its notoriety: in 1970, when Harlow left the University of Wisconsin, "[t]he remaining staff ripped out [the devices]; Suomi [one of Harlow's students] claimed that they gave him nightmares. He wasn't alone. By that time, too, there was a tide of rising public hostility against such experiments. Reaction was so strong that Sackett [another of Harlow's students] believes that the modern animal rights movement was, in part, born in the hissing anger over Harlow's laboratory" (Deborah Blum, The Monkey Wars, Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 96).
 * 5) It has no commercial value.
 * 6) The copyright holder is dead.
 * 7) It is non-reproducible.