File:Tiangong Kaiwu Chain Pumps2.jpg

Three illustrations of Chinese square-pallet chain pumps; the top two illustrations are of foot-treadle operated chain pumps, while the lower illustration is of an ox-driven chain pump with mechanical-tooth horizontal and vertical grear-wheels and rotating axle. All three drawings were published in the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia of 1637, written by the Ming Dynasty encyclopedist Song Yingxing (1587-1666). The top two illustrations also appear on pages 20 and 21 of E-tu Zen Sun and Sun Shiou-Chuan Sun's English translation of the Tiangong Kaiwu (University of Pennsylvania State, 1966). A similar picture of the bottom illustration of an ox-powered chain pump appears on page 19 of the same book, although it is slightly different.

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