Floreana giant tortoise

The Floreana giant tortoise (Chelonoidis niger niger), also known as the Charles Island giant tortoise, is an extinct subspecies of the Galápagos tortoise endemic to the Galápagos archipelago in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean. The specific epithet niger (‘black’) probably refers to the colouration of the holotype specimen. The species name has often been misspelled as nigra, an error introduced in the 1980s when Chelonoidis was elevated to genus and mistakenly treated as feminine, an error recognized and fixed in 2017. Although considered extinct as a pure population, hybrids still exist from an introduced population on Isabella Island, which have been used to breed genetically-similar tortoise hatchlings that will be reintroduced to Floreana.

Taxonomy
This tortoise is a member of Chelonoidis niger, comprising all Galápagos tortoise subspecies, of which it is the nominate form.

Description
Male tortoises grew to about 138 cm and females to 88 cm in length, with strongly saddlebacked carapaces.

Behaviour
The tortoises used to descend to the lower slopes of their volcanic island to graze on new vegetation after wet season rains. They fed on grass, bitterbush and cacti, obtaining water from springs and from cracks in the lava rocks.

Distribution and habitat
The tortoise's natural range was limited to 173 km2 Floreana Island (formerly Charles Island) where it inhabited deciduous and evergreen forests.

Conservation
The tortoise population of Floreana is estimated to have originally comprised some 8,000 individuals. Extinction occurred during the 1840s or 1850s following overexploitation for food by sailors and settlers, as well as predation and habitat degradation from introduced species, including goats, pigs, dogs, cats, donkeys, and rodents. Also blamed for the extinction was a massive wildfire on Floreana in 1820, initially started as a prank by Thomas Chappel, a crewman on the whaling ship Essex (best known for being sunk by a sperm whale shortly afterwards, inspiring the novel Moby-Dick). By the time Charles Darwin arrived in 1835, decades of exploitation had driven the population to critically low levels, with Darwin recording that about 20 years worth of harvestable tortoises were left. The tortoises finally disappeared around 1850.

In 2012, several hybrids between this species and Chelonoidis becki were discovered around Wolf Volcano on Isabela Island, apparently from some of the Floreana tortoises being transported there in the early 19th century. In 2017, a breeding program began to resurrect the Floreana subspecies. By 2023, about 400 Floreana tortoise offspring had been produced from the breeding program, and there are plans to reintroduce some of these to Floreana in 2024, as part of a rewilding program following the successful removal of invasive species from the island in December 2023.