Forfaiting

In trade finance, forfaiting is a service providing medium-term financial support for export/import of capital goods. The third party providing the support is termed the forfaiter. The forfaiter provides medium-term finance to, and will commonly also take on certain risks from, the importer; and takes on all risk from the exporter, in return for a margin. Payment may be by negotiable instrument, enabling the forfaiter to lay off some risks. Like factoring, forfaiting involves sale of financial assets from the seller's receivables. Key differences are that forfait supports the buyer (importer) as well as the seller (exporter), and is available only for export/import transactions and in relation to capital goods. The word forfaiting is derived from the French word forfait, meaning to relinquish the right (in this case, the exporter's right to receive payment from the customer — the importer).

Characteristics
The characteristics of a forfaiting transaction are:
 * Credit is extended to the importer for a period of between 180 days and seven years.
 * The minimum bill size is normally $250,000, although $500,000 is preferred.
 * The payment is normally receivable in any major convertible currency.
 * A letter of credit or a guarantee is made by a bank, usually in the importer's country.
 * The contract can be for either goods or services.

At its simplest, the receivables should be evidenced by a promissory note, a bill of exchange, a deferred-payment letter of credit, or a letter of forfaiting.

Pricing
Three elements relate to the pricing of a forfaiting transaction:
 * Discount rate, the interest element, usually quoted as a margin over LIBOR.
 * Days of grace, added to the actual number of days until maturity for the purpose of covering the number of days normally experienced in the transfer of payment, applicable to the country of risk.
 * Commitment fee, applied from the date the forfaiter is committed to undertake the financing, until the date of discounting.

The benefits to the exporter from forfaiting include eliminating political, transfer, and commercial risks and improving cash flows. The benefit to the forfaiter is the extra margin on the loan to the exporter.

Professional associations
The oldest forfaiting association in the world is VEFI, the Association of Forfaiters in Switzerland (Vereinigung von forfaitierenden Instituten in der Schweiz), which was founded in 1978. The International Trade & Forfaiting Association (ITFA) was founded in 1999 as a worldwide trade association for the forfaiting industry with a cash contribution from VEFI. Its purpose is to develop business relationships and assist other forfaiting-related organizations.